پديدارشناسيِ هگلي و معناداريِ زندگي

Hegelian Phenomenology and Meaningfulness of Life

"هگل"، «پديدارشناسي» را دانش تجربه آگاهي خوانده است. به نظر مي رسد كه غايت نهايي اين دانش ارايه فلسفه اي براي مطلقِ دانش و به ويژه دانش فلسفه است. اثبات پديدارشناسانه دانش بودنِ فلسفه پديدارشناسي كلان مساله اي است كه دست كم سه زيرمساله اصلي را دربرمي گيرد و مساله معناداري زندگي يكي از آنهاست. آگاهي در مسيرِ پر از پيچ وخمِ رشد و تن آوردگيِ خود مانند مسافري نمايش داده مي شود كه درحالِ بسط تجارب خويش است و بر پايه اين تجارب به چيستي،‌ معنا،‌ مسـير و هدف خويش به ديده نقد مي نگرد و با دريافت كاستي هاي خويش سفر را از پي مي گيرد تا آنها را برطرف سازد. كليت اين سفر نوعي معنايابي از راه تحقق خويش در غايتش است ولي در همين‌حال بي‌معنايي و پوچي و مفاهيم همگنِ آن ازجمله منازلي هستند كه آگاهي در گام هايي از سفرش به گونه اي گذرا خود را ساكن در آنها مي يابد. اين مقاله با درنظرگرفتن چندلايگيِ جريان پديدارشناسي تاريخي هگلي در پيِ آن است تا آن را ذيل مفهوم «معناداريِ زندگي» نگريسته و حركت پديدارشناسانه آگاهي را ازحيثِ نسبت هايي كه با مفاهيم مذكور برقرار مي كند، مورد بازخواني قرار دهد. در نهايت اين مقاله مي پرسد كه آيا نمي توان براي حل مساله معناداري زندگي راه كاري متفاوت از آنچه در فلسفه حق او مطرح مي شود يافت؟ پس از آري گويي به اين پرسش، ادعاي اين مقاله اين است كه «پديدارشناسي هگلي» راهي براي رهايي از نقد "ياكوبي" عليه «نيهيليسم كانتي ـ فيشته‌اي» است. در اين مقاله با تكيه بر متن پديدارشناسي روح از دو زاويه به دشـواره معناداري زندگي نگريسته مي شود: يكي ارزش زندگي بـه طوركلي، و ديگري ارزش هاي اخلاقي و اجتماعي كه درون ارزش كليِ زندگي قرار مي گيرند و باعث ضمانت آن مي شوند.

Hegel defines phenomenology as the knowledge of experiencing awareness. The ultimate goal of this field of study seems to be establishing that philosophy is a science by conceptually ‘phenomenalising’ the necessary steps to be taken in this course. Phenomenological establishment of the idea that philosophy is a science will involve phenomenological settling of a key question which has at least three sub-questions, one of which is the question of meaningfulness of life. In its complicated course of growth and development, awareness is depicted as a traveller who is broadening his experiences, who uses these experiences to critically survey his nature, meaning, course and goal, and who, acknowledging his weaknesses, continues his journey to overcome them. The journey on the whole is about finding the true meaning through developing into the ultimate awareness. Meanwhile, however, concepts like meaninglessness, absurdity and the like are among the many waypoints through which awareness navigates, at least as a swift pass, to reach the destination. The present paper considers the multi-layered course of the history of the Hegelian phenomenology to look at it within the domain of the concept of meaningfulness of life, providing a new reading of the phenomenological journey of awareness as it would relate to that concept. The paper raises the question as to whether a different approach than the one adopted by Hegel in his Philosophy of Right can be used to settle the question of meaningfulness of life. Making an affirmative response, the paper then claims that the Hegelian phenomenology is in fact an escape route from Jacobean critiques of the Kantian-Fichtean nihilism. The paper addresses the question of meaningfulness of life from two aspects based on Hegel’s Philosophy of Spirit: one is the value of life in general, and the other the ethical and social values which are contained in the value general value of life and guarantee it.