سازگاري با تغييرات اقليمي: كاربرد ‌تيوري بنيادي(مورد مطالعه كشاورزان شهرستان مرودشت)

Adaptation to Climate Change: Application of Grounded Theory (The Case of Farmers in Marvdasht Township)

در نتيجه فعاليت‌هاي انساني، اقليم جهان در حال تغيير است و تمام جوامع نياز دارند كه ياد بگيرند چگونه با اين تغييرات پيش‌بيني شده مقابله نمايند. شهرستان مرودشت در استان فارس، يكي از قطب‌هاي كشاورزي كشور است كه در چند سال گذشته با كاهش شديد بارندگي و خشكسالي‌هاي شديد مواجه بوده است. اين مطالعه با هدف بررسي چگونگي سازگاري كشاورزان شهرستان مرودشت در مواجهه با تغييرات اقليمي طراحي و اجرا شده است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع تحقيقات كيفي است و از اصول روش تيوري بنيادي به عنوان راهنماي جمع‌آوري و تحليل داده‌ها و ارايه مدل استفاده شده است. نمونه مورد مطالعه شامل دو روستا بود كه به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند و براي جمع‌آوري داده‌ها از مشاهدات ميداني و مصاحبه‌هاي عميق در قالب گروه‌هاي متمركز (Focus group) بهره گرفته شد. نتايج به دست آمده از داده‌هاي تحقيق در فرآيند كدگذاري در قالب مفاهيم استخراج و طبقه‌بندي گرديد. و براساس آن "مدل پارادايمي سازگاري كشاورزان با تغييرات اقليمي" طراحي و در پايان، براساس يافته‌هاي تحقيق پيشنهادهاي كاربردي براي ارتقاي سازگاري كشاورزان در مواجهه با تغييرات اقليمي ارايه شده است.

Introduction: Human induced climate changes have been taking place; and developing countries are generally more vulnerable to the consequences of these changes, as they tend to rely on more climate sensitive sectors, such as subsistence agriculture where lack the resources to buffer themselves against the changes emerging by global warming. Agriculture is a risky job inherently, and climate change with unexpected future worsens the situation. Many of farmers’ decisions and its results are influenced by climate parameters such as; precipitation, temperature, and humidity, therefore they should adapt themselves with climate changes. Adaptation to current climate variability and potential climate change is a prerequisite for sustainable development and all farmers consequently need to learn to cope with the predicted changes. In this regard farmers need help and support to make good decisions to adapt with changes. With assumptions about how people and societies will respond to climate change, policy makers could more accurately compare the costs and benefits of particular policies, also, by identifying why a particular group of people do what they do, it will make opportunities to intervene in the process, helping them make better decisions. Material & Methods The study region was Marvdasht Township in Fars Province that is one of the leading regions in agriculture sector and is confronted with serious drought as well as reducing the precipitation in recent years. This study was conducted to investigate how farmers’ adapt to climate change in Marvdasht Township. This qualitative study used Grounded theory principles to collect and analysis data and present Paradigm model. Research sample including two villages were selected purposefully, Esmaeilabad with highest climate change and Chamesohrabkhani with lowest climate change in Marvdasht Township. In order to gather the required data field observation and in depth focus group interview methodology were used. Nine farmers in Esmaeilabad, as well as, eight farmers in Chamsohrabkhani attended in interview sessions. Questions were grouped into 4 categories: 1) Farmers’ perception about climate changes, agriculture situation and their properties; 2) farmers’ behavior toward adaptation, their future decisions and existed problems and obstacles; 3) farmers’ resources for climate information and consultation to farm management decisions; and 4) farmers’ perception about future of agriculture sector in this region. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The analytical process in grounded theory involves coding strategies: Open coding is the process of breaking down interviews, observations and other forms of appropriate data into distinct units of meaning which are labeled to generate concepts. The focus of axial coding is to create a model that details the specific conditions of phenomenon’s occurrence. Selective coding is the process of selecting the central or core category, systematically relating it to other categories, validating those relationships, and complete categories that need further refinement and development. Some major research results include: Farmers perception about reduction in precipitation and warmer environment, decreasing in quantity and quality of crops, increasing crop pests and diseases, reduction of property and capital, also, improving farm production management and developing technology were main farmers adaptation activity, And their main problems were: lack of credit and fund for investment, and official problem of public organizations. Based on research results concepts were extracted and categorized in coding process and Paradigm model was designed. Finally, some applicable suggestions to improve farmers’ adaptation to climate change are presented. The first action of related Organization especially Jihad Agriculture organization should be informing farmers to the forthcoming situation and necessity of optimal using and saving water resources. In this regard, one useful activity could be changes in crop system and using crops with low water usage, also substituting crops like rice (with high water consumption) with low water needs crops, as well as, extending modern technologies such as modern irrigation methods.