پديد آورندگان :
يعقوبيدوست، محمود نويسنده دانشجوي دكتري جامعهشناسي دانشگاه شيراز , , عنايت، حليمه نويسنده دانشيار بخش جامعهشناسي دانشگاه شيراز ,
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Domestic violence against children is a global issue which collapses the family bonds and threatens the health of mental and physical as well as sexual of individuals (Sajadi far 2002:11). There are a lot of factors involving in domestic violence against children. It seems that the parenting style is the factor that plays a pivotal role in reduction and/or increase of violence against children. Parenting style can act as a predicator of social mental development, academic performance, welfare and even the potentiality of children behavior problems such as violence in the future. The parenting style can be both the facilitator and inhibitor of antisocial behavior like domestic violence against adolescent and children. The studies demonstrating the antisocial behavior increases as the result of offensive parenting styles have mainly emphasized on parenting styles (autocratic and landscape) (Adams, Mount & Mayer 1998). Many of studies have indicated that the landscape, unstable and unorganized parenting style is more likely to increase the domestic violence against children. On the other hand, the researches that demonstrate there are parenting styles which reduce the violence against children, emphasize that the stable and controlled punishments and in proportion of the action committed by children may decrease the violence against them (Denton & Kaspf 1994, Krunkuych & Gyrdan 1987, Messner & Kern 1990, adapted from Adams & Munt & Mayor 1998). Therefore, with regard to this issue and importance of the role the parenting styles playing in child- rearing and given the strategies in cope with domestic violence against children, the aim of present research is to examine the relationship between parenting styles with domestic violence against children in Ahvaz city.
Material and Method
The method is survey and the population is consisted of all the boy and girl students of high schools and their parents in Ahvaz, out of which 384 subjects were selected by using of Cochran’s formula and through multistage cluster sampling. By using SPSS software, the questionnaire was processed at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. To analyze the data, the statistical indicators of mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation and path analysis were used.
Two methods were used to determine the validity and reliability of the measurement items: First, the Cronbach alpha coefficient calculation for items comprising the parenting styles. The results of this calculation showed that the severity and content of alpha coefficient was high, representing the reliability of the measurement tool. Second, for finding out the validity of items, the correlation coefficient of the items consisting of the severity and content of parenting is related to these variables.
In the present research, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Brainstien1995) was used to measure the child abuse. It is a self-reporting tool and is employed for measuring the abusing during childhood. CTQ measures the abusing in five subscales and gives a global score, indicating the global maltreatment. The five subscales include Emotional Abuse (EA), Physical Abuse (PA), Sexual Abuse (SA), Emotional Neglect (EN) and Physical Neglect (PN).
In this research, the Bamerind Parenting Style Questionnaire, developed in 1972, was used to measure the parenting styles. The Bamerind’s theory is based on three styles of parenting, that is, landscape, Authoritarian and authoritative. It includes 30 phrases, from which 10 phrases are dedicated to authoritarian parenting style, 10 phrases to landscape parenting styles and the last 10 phrases are devoted to authoritative parenting style.
Discussion and Conclusion
The results from examination of the hypotheses indicate that there is a positively significant correlation between landscape parenting styles with domestic violence against children. It means that as the landscape style dominates the violence against children is increased. This result is in agreement with that of Dortesky (1997) (adapted from Askari 1998) Hanrikson and Raker (1990) who state that although the parents with landscape style avoid the punishment and physical violence against their children and pay little attention to them, this negligence ultimately results in disruption of emotional bonds with their children, creating a lot of problems in the mental health of children in the future.
The results from studying of the hypotheses show that there is a positively significant correlation between authoritarian parenting styles with domestic violence against children. They also indicate that the parents using the coercive styles in child-rearing create an unpleasant feeling in their children, causing emotional separation with their children. The results of this research are consistent with that of Steinberg (2000) and Goalfand and Teny (1990) and Bamerind (1971) who show that the authoritarian parents manage their children by threat and force.
The findings indicate that there is a positive significant correlation between logical (authoritative) parenting styles with domestic violence against children. They also show that the adolescents having the parents with authoritative styles are less faced with violent treatment than those with parents with landscape and authoritarian styles. The results are in agreement with that of Saderalsadat et.al (1967), Lamborn et.al (1990), Haybati (2002), Mahri Golchin (1998) and Farnaz Rahmani (2005) who demonstrate that the students with authoritative styles use more the problem-solving techniques in cope with stressful events than those with parents with landscape and authoritarian styles.
Also the results from testing of hypotheses show that, except for landscape parenting style with physical violence, there is positive significant correlation among all others parenting styles with domestic violence dimensions (physical, emotional and negligence) against children. The interpretation of stepwise multivariate regression analysis indicates that authoritarian parenting style variable has the highest relationship with parents’ violence toward their children with value of Beta=0.389 and sig=0.000.
Finally, the present study show that among three parenting styles the parents with logical and authoritative styles are of the lowest level of violent treatment toward their children. In contrast, the parents use landscape and authoritarian styles treat with children violently. Therefore, as a priority, an all over study should be incorporated in to program of social decision makers and practitioners of mental health.
