مروري بر تغيير شكل منظر فرهنگي از ديدگاه اكولوژي، اقتصادي- اجتماعي؛ مطالعه منظرهاي شهري- روستايي اتحاديه اروپا

مناظر فرهنگي رشته پيوسته‌اي از مناظر روستايي و مناظر شهري هستند كه اغلب طي دوره زماني طولاني توسعه يافته اند. درنظر گرفتن ارتباطات منظر از جنبه‌هاي اجتماعي- اقتصادي و محيط زيستي گامي به سمت توسعه پايدار است، لذا داشتن درك صحيح فرايند تغييرات درگذشته، محرك‌هاي آن و چگونگي مواجهه آن‌ها با يكديگر ضروري است. اين مقاله با استفاده از روش اسنادي، مروري است بر نتايج حاصل از تحقيقات انجام شده و انتشار يافته در منابع علمي مختلف شامل نشريات، كتب و سايت‌هاي علمي كه در قالب مقالات علمي، طرح‌هاي پژوهشي، نشست‌ها و سخنراني‌هاي دانشمندان و متخصصان منظر از كشورهاي مختلف قاره اروپا ارايه شده است و طي آن تغيير شكل مناظر فرهنگي شهري و روستايي با نگرشي يكپارچه از جنبه هاي مختلف بررسي شده است. پويايي و تحركات منظر در اروپا موضوعي گسترده بوده و دامنه وسيعي از تحقيقات نوين و چالش‌هاي پيش روي مناظر فرهنگي كشورهاي اين قاره را در بر مي گيرد. با توجه به جديد بودن تحقيقات مرتبط با تحولات منظر، مباحث گسترده و سوالات اساسي پيرامون چالش هاي جاري مطرح است كه به‌عنوان موضوعات قابل بحث براي تحقيقات آتي در نظر گرفته مي‌شوند. نگاهي به اين تحقيقات نشان مي‌دهد كه بيشترين تكرار عناوين مقالات تغيير منظر و در نتيجه كانون تحقيقات در اين حوزه مشتمل بر مواردي از قبيل شناسايي نيروهاي محرك تغيير شكل، فرايندهاي تغيير شكل، روش‌هاي تجزيه و تحليل فرايندها، مديريت و برنامه ريزي منظر است. با توجه به اينكه عمده تمركز تحقيقات بر جنبه هاي فني كالبدي بوده و در تحقيقات كمتر به مطالعات مرتبط با اجتماع، اقتصاد و تاثير رفتار انسان پرداخته شده است، نياز به تحقيقات بيشتر درون رشته اي يا ميان رشته اي و در جهت توسعه مناظر فرهنگي شهري و روستايي با نگرشي جامع به تمام ابعاد آن وجود دارد.

Cultural Landscape is defined as an area whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. These regions are recognized as a part and parcel of the natural, historical, cultural, and scientific heritage. The rural and urbancontext of these landscapes are particular patterns due to cultural characteristics. They are considered sustainbale landscapes which are often developed over a long period of time. Since ecologic and socio-economic of landscape relationships are important factors in sustainable development, the understanding of relevant changing processes in the past, the rationale and the interactions of these processes are essential. This article is a review and analysis, which addresses an extended and much debated subject through a broad survey of research results, journal papers, landscape books, scientific databases and presentations during related conferences relevant to landscape dynamics and driving forces in Europe. The transformation in cultural landscape is an active study field in Europe and there are ongoing discussions about pertinant subjects. Therefore the present research is a full survey of analysis and planning methods, selected aspects of transformation processes, underlying forces in Landscape change, the perception of the people of multicultural European societies, assessment of the transformation processes, vulnerability of rural-urban landscape systems, the techniques and methods for Monitoring of the transformation processes and Strategies for sustainable development of rural urban landscape in Europe. The most distinct characteristic of European landscape is its richness of flora and fauna, abundance of settlements and and other features created by nature and human over hundreds and even thousands of years. In recent years, nations and governments have recognised the fact that landscape is a major element of their national and European heritage, and that it embraces both natural and cultural features, in an integrated way. But they also recognise that many of Europeʹs landscapes have been gravely damaged in recent years by loss of natural features, by neglect, erosion and other factors. Due to the novelty of recent research about landscape transformations, some critical research questions are left to future studies. The results show that the most repeated subjects of landscape transformation articles and their emphasis in this field includes: the identification of driving forces behind landscape transformation, the processes, and the relevant analysis methods in landscape planning and management. The main focus of these studies has been on physical and technical aspects of landscape and less attention has been paid to the social and economic impact of human behavior, therefore more interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research and integrative approaches are essential for the development of rural-urban cultural landscapes. The scale of further researches should be varying from local to regional and global, toaddress the targets of sustainability. There is a new determination to protect and revitalize landscapesto stop further exploitation.