سيما و منظر شهري تهران: تحليلي از «برنامه راهبردي طراحي شهري و مديريت منظر شهري تهران»

Tehranʹʹs Cityscape and City Image; An Analysis of Tehranʹʹs Strategic Urban Design and Cityscape Management Plan (TSUDCMP)

طي دهه گذشته دغدغه‌هاي جدي فراواني توسط مسيولان، حرفه‌مندان و دانشگاهيان در مورد كيفيت طراحي شهري و منظر شهري تهران ابراز گرديده است. چنانچه تهران در صدد ارتقا توان رقابتي خود در وضعيت جهاني شدن باشد و چنانچه ارتقا تجربه زندگي شهري ساكنان مد نظر باشد، آنگاه ارتقا منظر شهري ديگر نه يك انتخاب بلكه يك ضرورت خواهد بود. تاكنون مطالعات متعددي، غالباً به‌صورت پراكنده و ناتمام در خصوص سيماي تهران صورت گرفته است؛ مع‌هذا براي اولين بار در سال 1385 و در قالب برنامه مكملي براي طرح جامع جديد تهران، تهيه يك سند رسمي تحت عنوان «برنامه راهبردي طراحي شهري و مديريت منظر شهري تهران» در دستور كار نهادهاي مسيول قرار گرفت. هدف اين مقاله ارايه شرح مختصري از نتايج مرحله اول برنامه مزبور و تحليل و تفسير داده‌هايي است كه از طريق پيمايش براي مطالعات چشم‌انداز‌سازي آن گرد آمده است. براي پيمايش از پرسش‌نامه مفصلي، شامل 78 پرسش و گزاره ليكرت براي سنجش نگرش گروهي از مسيولان رسمي، حرفه‌مندان و دانشگاهيان (n=59) استفاده است. مواد پرسش‌نامه بر اساس مدل چشم‌اندازسازي ارگان در چهار بخش سازمان داده شده‌اند و به وضعيت امروز، فردا و اقدامات لازم جهت بهسازي منظر شهري تهران مي‌پردازد. دامنه اين مقاله محدود به تحليل و تفسير هيجده مورد از پرسش‌ها يا گزاره‌هاي پيمايش فوق است. نتايج مطالعه نشان مي‌دهد كه اكثريت قاطعي از پاسخ‌دهندگان وضعيت منظر شهري تهران را بد يا بسيار بد ارزيابي نموده‌اند (85%)؛ با وجود اين، آنان معتقدند با اعمال مديريت شهري صحيح تهران قابليت تبديل به شهري زيبا را دارد. مهمترين مناظر شهري تهران مناظر رشته كوه البرز، مناظر ورودي تهران و مناظر قابل دريافت در بزرگراه‌هاي شهري عنوان شده‌اند. تقريباً تمام پاسخ‌دهندگان فقدان يك «برنامه طراحي شهري» را دليل اصلي مناظر چشم‌آزار و بي‌نظم عنوان نموده‌اند (1/98%) و ضرورت لحاظ نمودن سرفصلي تحت عنوان «مديريت بصري شهر» را در چارچوب ماموريت‌هاي كنوني مديريت شهري ابراز كرده‌اند. پاسخ‌دهندگان جنبه ظاهري و بصري شهري را از جوانب كاركردي و زيست‌محيطي آن جدا ندانسته‌اند كه اين را مي‌توان به‌عنوان ضرورت اتخاذ يك رويكرد پايدار و كل‌گرايانه به زيباشناسي شهري، به‌جاي ادامه رويكرد آرايشي و سطحي كنوني تفسير نمود.

During the last decade, many serious concerns have been expressed over Tehranʹs urban design and cityscape quality by professionals and academics alike. If Tehran is to improve its competitiveness within a rapidly globalizing world and if it is to enhance its residentsʹ experience of urban life, it will need to improve its cityscape/ image quality. Several efforts are reported to have been made by different agencies to address Tehranʹs built form and appearance since the late 1970ʹs (e.g. TDCS and Tehranʹs Beatification Agency initiatives), however it was not until 2006 when for the first time official decision was made to systematically and statutorily deal with the cityʹs visual environment through preparing the "Tehranʹs Urban Design and Cityscape Management Plan (TSUDCMP) as a supplementary plan to Tehranʹs "New Master Plan". The TSUDCMP was conceived to be devised through three consecutive phases, first of which was devoted to visioning study on the current state of Tehranʹs cityscape/ image and its future directions. This paper aims to present partially the results of the mentioned study by analyzing and interpreting the collected data pertaining to the visual environment of Tehran. A survey was carried out, in this study, to collect attitudes and views of a group of official authorities, professional and academics on the issue in hand. The respondents were selected based on their influential roles in policy-making and their engagement with research and decision-making on urban design guidance and control in Tehran. Among 143 individuals who were asked to fill out the questionnaire or take part in a structured interview, finally 59 persons agreed to perform the task (n=59). The questionnaire, being an extensive one, consisted of 78 questions and propositions (based on the five-point Liker scale) to measure the subjectsʹ responses. The questionnaire, being modeled after Oregonʹs Model of Visioning (Ames, 1993), was organized under four major headings to address: (1) the current profile of Tehranʹs cityscape/ image, (2) itʹs probable scenario, and (3) itʹs preferred scenario or desirable vision, and finally (4) the actions required to improve it. This article deals with the analysis and interpretation of 18 items of the mentioned questionnaire. The study results showed that a decisive majority of respondents evaluated the overall state of Tehranʹs cityscape as "bad" or "very bad" (85%), nevertheless they optimistically believed a more effective urban management may help Teheran to become a "beautiful city" (76.4%). The study also revealed that the most important views and vistas of Tehran were those associated with Mount Alborz, gateway precinctsʹ views (Tehranʹs entrances) and the views observable from urban highways. Virtually all of the respondents believed the lack of an urban design plan to be the main cause of eyesore scenes and disorderly townscapes in Tehran (98.1%). They also believed that "Urban Visual Management" should be considered as an indispensible dimension of urban management, which means a need for an institutional reform and capacity building, both at national and local level. The respondents mentioned that visual aspect of urban setting was inseparable from its functional and environmental aspects which required a more sustainable and holistic approach to urban aesthetics rather than a cosmetic one.