كليدواژه :
تاريخ , تاريخ شفاهي , تاريخ شفاهي معماري ايران , تاريخ معماري , معماري
چكيده فارسي :
بيشتر كساني كه با معماري گذشته ايران آشنا هستند، به‌زودي از ميان ما خواهند رفت و رفتن ايشان برابر است با از دست دادن گنجينه‌اي از شناخت در اين باره. هرچند اهميت منابع شفاهي در مطالعات تاريخ معماري، به‌ويژه تاريخ معماري ايران روشن است، تاكنون هيچ پژوهشي درباره رابطه با حوزه مخصوص اين گونه پژوهش، يعني تاريخ شفاهي با تاريخ معماري و تاريخ معماري ايران نشده است. در اين مقاله به اين رابطه و حوزه حاصل از پيوند آنها يعني «تاريخ شفاهي معماري ايران» مي‌پردازيم. شناخت شاخه «تاريخ شفاهي معماري ايران» بيش و پيش از هر چيز مستلزم داشتن تصوري روشن از آن است؛ به‌همين سبب در اين مقاله، از چيستي تاريخ شفاهي معماري ايران مي‌پرسيم. براي اين كار، نخست شناختي اجمالي از تاريخ به دست مي‌آوريم و ساختار پژوهش آن را مي‌جوييم. ساختار پژوهش تاريخي را مبنايي براي بيان چيستي تاريخ شفاهي و چيستي تاريخ معماري ايران مي‌كنيم. تبيين چيستي تاريخ شفاهي و تاريخ معماري ايران بر پايه ساختاري مشترك، راه را براي پيوند اين دو شاخه و تعريف تاريخ شفاهي معماري ايران مي‌گشايد. پژوهش حاضر درآمدي است بر تاريخ شفاهي معماري ايران و تدوين و تبيين مباني نظري اين شاخه جديد تا سرآغازي شود براي پژوهش‌هاي آتي و دستيابي به دانش آشنايان به معماري ايران، و نگهداري اين ميراث ارزشمند براي آيندگان.
چكيده لاتين :
Oral history, established in the twentieth century, is a new branch of historical researches. The main sources of oral history are the spoken words of people, who have knowledge of the past events. There are also people who are acquainted with Iranian architecture; thus, they are valuable resources in Iranian architectural historiography. However, the limited lifespan of these resources has been neglected since their deaths means losing a great knowledge about Iranian architecture. Despite the vast importance of oral resources in architectural historiography, there is no research on the relationship between oral history and architectural history in Iran. This research contemplates on this relationship in theory. Understanding this new branch of historical researches must be started with discussions about its concept. Then this paper will concentrates on the definition of oral architectural history of Iran. This essay begins with a discussion about the definition of ‘history’, followed by exploration of the meaning of ‘oral history’, and ‘architectural history’ especially their similarities. Finally, the definition of ‘oral architectural history of Iran’ will be obtained. Architectural history is a field of architectural researches exploring past events through which places were built and populated, which are called ‘architectural events’ in this paper. Architectural history deals with these events via remained historical evidences. Oral history of architecture, particularly that of Iran, is a new field among architectural historiography. Its main resources include the observations of eyewitnesses of past architectural events, including people who patronized building of a place, designed and constructed it, lived in it, or the people who had no impact on the architectural events but just saw it. Hence, oral architectural history is bounded to contemporary events. One type of contemporary events of Iranian architecture is the events of modern architecture, which are dedicated to masters, and pioneers of Iranian modern architecture. Moreover, the other type is pertinent to traditional events of contemporary architecture. A few masters of traditional Iranian architecture who belong to the generations of architects who did not attend modern schools of architecture but learned it through traditional manners are alive. They are the last generation of ancient architects of Iran and we have a precious opportunity to be acquainted with knowledge, works, techniques and other aspects of Old Iranian architecture through them. Oral architectural history of Iran may go beyond limitations of architectural historiography. It can seek for architectural events, which are neglected in official history, such as events in remote towns and villages, low and deprived classes of society, and religious and ethnic minorities; indeed, oral architectural history can pursue past architectural events through the eyes of those who made it and achieve a good knowledge of it. Contemporary architectural events are the main subjects of oral architectural history but its benefits are not restricted to it. Oral history of architecture helps us conserving and reviving evidences of old architectural events destroyed lately which can bring out from memories of people who have seen them. This paper attempts to introduce some theoretical issues of oral history in Iranian architectural history for to researchers who want to explore and preserve the vast knowledge of the people that know the Iranian architecture.
