خاستگاه معماري مدرن در تهران؛ بررسي و شناخت اولين بناي سبك معماري مدرن در پايتخت كشور

Birthplace of Modern Architecture in Tehran Analysis of the First Modern Architecture Building in the Capital of Iran

با توجه به بناهاي ايجاد شده در تهران مي‌توان بيان نمود كه در حال حاضر معماري مدرن فراگيرترين سبك معماري در اين كلان‌شهر شده است. اگرچه از آغاز معماري مدرن بيش از يك سده مي‌گذرد ولي نقطه آغازين اين شيوه در ايران و پايتخت آن تهران مشخص و تحليل نشده است. در تحقيق حاضر دو پرسش پژوهش مطرح است: (1) خاستگاه ورود نهضت معماري مدرن به تهران در چه زماني بوده است؟ و (2) نمونه‌هاي اوليه معماري سبك مدرن در تهران كدام است و ويژگي آن‌ها چيست؟ در اين پژوهش از طرح تحقيق كيفي به منظور شناخت و تبيين خصوصيات اولين ساختمان‌هاي سبك مدرن در تهران و توصيف و استنباط اين بناها استفاده شده است. پژوهش حاضر نخست به خصوصيات و ويژگي‌هاي شكل‌گيري معماري مدرن در غرب مي‌پردازد. در واقع معماري مدرن اوليه1و عاليه (يا متعالي)2 و سبك‌هاي مرتبط با آن‌ها تعريف شده، در اين بيان شاخص‌ترين شيوه‌ها و سبك‌هاي مطرح دوره معماري مدرن عاليه بيان مي‌گردد. سپس با بررسي ورود و حضور آن در ايران و تهران، با نگرشي تطبيقي و مقايسه‌اي به اولين آثار معماري مدرن مي‌پردازد. اين بناها در دو جدول متمايز و با اين رتبه‌بندي كه اولين بناهاي تهران در دو سبك «آرت دكو»3 و «سبك بين‌المللي»4 ايجاد شده‌اند ارايه مي‌گردند. اين جداول كه شامل اطلاعاتي چند از بناها است نشان مي‌دهد كه كدامين بناهاي ارايه شده از اولين آثار معماري برگرفته از سبك معماري مدرن بوده‌اند.

Modern architecture is a result and outcome of the industrial revolution and modern technology. Modern architecture was a turning point in the history of world architecture because, for the first time, architects looked consciously toward the future instead of the past. In this paper, the main question is: which building and in what year the first modern buildings in Tehran were constructed? The second question is: what were the main features of these buildings? In Iran the design approach of the Chicago school and art nouveau, as part of the early modern architecture movement, failed to appear. Mainly it was the ideas behind art deco and the international style that were used for the design of the first modern buildings in Iran. The tower hosting the Persian and British Oil Company in Tehran from 1938 was the first modern building in Iran. Its style was that of art deco. Markar Galvestian was most probably the architect of this building. He had studied architecture in the King’s College of London. The top part of the building was stepped, like most art deco masterpieces such as Chrysler Building and Empire State Building, both in New York City. The zigzag fenestrations on the window openings also resemble art deco buildings. This style was basically used in Tehran for buildings with modern functions such as offices, hotels, factories and schools. The Architectural and construction features of the art deco style in Tehran can be summarized as follows: (1) new and innovative forms with straight or streamed lines; (2) a featured tower in a stepped form, in the middle of a building; (3) new decorations and motifs with industrial shapes; (4) use of steel or concrete structures with or without bearing walls; (5) symmetry and asymmetry in plan and façade; (6) use of stone, brick and stucco in façade designs; and (7) flat or gable roofs. The first International style building in Iran was the Girlsʹ Technical School of 1935-38 in Tehran. This building was designed by Vartavn Havanesian who was also western educated – in France. There were no ornaments or any reference to historical elements. Cubic-shaped volumes, straight lines and cement stucco for exteriors were the main features of this very modern building. This building was the prototype of many buildings of this style in Tehran. Clients of all buildings in this style were government agencies. Offices, ministries, schools and hotels were designed in this style. The Architectural and construction features of the International Style and its physical characteristics can be described as follows: (1) simplicity in façade and plan; (2) lack of ornament or historical references; (3) use of steel or concrete structures with or without bearing walls; (4) covering facades with stone or stucco; (5) emphasis on horizontal, straight lines drawn in façade; (6) horizontal continuous windows; and (7) mostly flat roofs.