بررسي تطبيقي تحديد مسيوليت متصدي حمل و نقل در قراردادهاي حمل و نقل بين‌المللي كالا

The Comparative Study of Liability Limitation of Transportation Operator in the Contracts of International Transportation of Goods

با وجود اين كه هدف از وضع مقررات مسيوليت مدني، جبران كامل خسارات وارده به زيان ديده است، ولي، در كنوانسيون هاي بين‌المللي ناظر به مسيوليت متصديان حمل و نقل سقف معيني پيش‌بيني شده است، به اين معنا كه، در صورت بروز هرگونه خسارت، اعم از فقدان يا تلف كالا، خسارت وارده به آن و يا تاخير در تحويل، مسيوليت حمل كننده جز در مواردي كه در خود مقررات پيش‌بيني شده است، از سقف معيني تجاوز نخواهد كرد. اين قاعده مقرر در كنوانسيون هاي بين‌المللي، تحديد مسيوليت گويند. بررسي ميزان مسيوليت متصدي حمل و نقل ريلي در كنوانسيون كوتيف، دريايي در كنوانسيو ن هاي بروكسل و هامبورگ، هوايي در كنوانسيون هاي ورشو، لاهه، گوآتمالا، مونترال و جاده‌اي به موجب كنوانسيون‌هاي CMR و معيار محاسبه آن, موضوع بررسي شده در اين مقاله است.

Although the purpose of forming civil responsibility regulations is the full compensation of damages, it has been predicted a certain ceiling in international conventions which observe transportation operator’s responsibility. It means that in case of any damage such as losing or wasting goods, any damage to goods or delay in its delivery, the responsibility of the carrier wouldn’t be exceed of a certain ceiling, except in some cases which have been predicted in the rules. This arbitrary rule is called liability limitation. This article tries to investigate the amount of rail transportation operator’s liability in COTIF convention, sea transportation operator’s liability in Brussels and Hamburg conventions, air transportation operator’s liability in Warsaw, Hague, Guatemala, Montreal Conventions and road transportation operator’s liability in CMR conventions. On the other hand full compensation of damages have been predicted on the Intel law but on the conventions international transportation of Good not application this rule. Of course this rule in certain place not enforcement. If Owner goods declare Value goods or Carrier on losing or wasting goods acting with Voluntary or deliberately or defraud carrier cannot profit of limits rule. The before beginning since conventions international transportation of Goods and after end conventions the parties contract transportation can contracts and for limits responsibility or extra liability conclude any agreement. In these regulations the carrier responsibility is based on the responsibility assumption. Thus once the occurrence of the losses is realized, the responsibility is assumed, and is exempted from the responsibility only in the case that proves that the damages caused from an external accident and inevitable.