مفهوم و ماهيّت حقوقي صدقه

Legal Concept and Nature of Sadaqah

در‎ ‎منابع فقهي، صدقه، هم در باب عبادات و هم در باب معاملات مورد ‏اشاره قرار گرفته و در هر دو حوزه، داراي مصاديق و طبعاً پاره اي احكام ويژه است. ‏اما صدقه موضوع‎ ‎ماده 807 قانون مدني، مشخصاً ماهيت عقدي دارد؛ عقدي غير ‏معوّض كه از ساير عقود حتي هبه نيز ممتاز بوده و قبض، شرط لزوم آن است. تحقق ‏صدقه، منوط به جهت‎ ‎‏ معاملي خاص يعني قصد قربت است و با فقدان اين داعي،‏‎ ‎ممكن است عقد، توصيف حقوقي ديگري يابد. ‏

In the sources of Islamic jurisprudence, Sadaqah has ‎been considered both as acts of worship and a kind of dealing, ‎and it enjoys in both fields, some applicabilities and has, ‎therefore, particular regulations. However Sadaqah, as ‎considered by section 807 of civil code, has exactly a certain ‎contractual nature; a bare contract which is distinct from other ‎contracts, even from gift, and taking possession is the ‎condition of its irrevocability. The realization of Sadaqah ‎depends on a certain dealing intention, which is the intention ‎of making approaches to God.In the absence of this intention, ‎the contract may find another legal description.‎