تفسير به راي در انديشه‏هاي تفسيري علّامه طباطبايي با تاكيد بر نقش «روش»

Interpretation of the Quran by Personal Opinion in Allamah Tabatabaii’s Interpretive Thoughts, with Emphasis on the Role of “Method”

«تفسير به راي» همواره از برجسته‏ترين مسايل مطرح ميان مفسران و دانشمندان علوم قرآني بوده و تاريخچه آن را تا دوران نزول وحي و دوران زندگاني رسول خدا صلي‏الله‏عليه‏و‏آله مي‏توان به پيش برد. معروف‏ترين سخن درباره نفي تفسير به راي را اميرالمومنين علي عليه‏السلام از رسول خدا صلي‏الله‏عليه‏و‏آله نقل كرده است: «قد كذَبَ عَلَي رسول‏اللّه ـ صلي‏اللّه عليه و آله ـ عَلَي عهده حتي قام خطيبا، فقال: ايها الناسُ، قد كثرت علي الكذابهُ، فمَن كذب علي متعمّدا فليتبوّ مقعدَه مِن النارِ؛ ثمّ كذب عليه من بعده.» مراد از «تفسير به راي» عبارت است از: تفسير قرآن بر اساس استقلال راي و بي‏نيازي از منابع و مستندات معتبر، با هر انگيزه و هدفي كه باشد. براي نهي از تفسير به راي، مي‏توان استناد به بسياري از آيات و روايات كرد. روايات نفي از تفسير به راي را مي‏توان به پنج دسته تقسيم نمود. علّامه طباطبايي از مجموع روايات، به‏ويژه روايات دسته پنجم، نتيجه مي‏گيرد كه نهي در روايات، مربوط به روش تفسير است، نه اصل تفسير؛ يعني اگر با روش نادرست وارد تفسير قرآن شويم، حتي اگر به نتيجه درست هم منجر شود، باز هم ناپسند، نكوهيده و محكوم است.

One of the most profound issues which is always discussed among interpreters of the Quran and scholars of Quranic sciences is “the interpretation of the Quran by personal opinion”, whose history can be traced back to the time of revelation and Holy Prophet’s lifetime. The most famous saying about the prohibition of interpretation of the Quran by personal opinion is Imam Ali’s saying, who citing Holy Prophet (May blessing and peace of Allah be upon him and his progeny) states “someone falsely attributed some lies to Holy Prophet (May blessing and peace of Allah be upon him and his progeny), such that Holy Prophet stated in a sermon: the number of false sayings attributed to me is increasing. Anyone who attributes false sayings to me will be in hell-fire and will abide in it.” Interpretation of the Quran by personal opinion means interpreting the Quran on the basis of independent standpoint and independence from valid sources and documents, with any intention and aim. We can refer to many Quranic verses and hadiths which prohibit interpretation of the Quran by personal opinion. These hadiths can be divided into five groups. Based on these traditions, particularly the fifth group, Allamah Tabatabaii concludes that prohibition of Quranic interpretation is not related to the interpretation itself but to its method, which means that even if we obtain correct results through incorrect interpretation of the Quran our method of interpretation is disfavored, reproachable and condemned.