دموكراسي تاملي، بديل ها و چالش هاي آن دموكراسي: از مقوله اي سياسي تا امري فرهنگي

Deliberative Democracy, Its Alternatives and Challenges Democracy: from a Political Category to a Cultural Matter

اين مقاله پژوهشي تيوريك و تطبيقي در زمينه دو رويكرد به دموكراسي است. چالش اساسي مقاله يافتن تفاوت هاي عمده ميان رويكرد دموكراسي تاملي و ليبرال دموكراسي، به وسيله تشريح دموكراسي تاملي و زمينه اجتماعي تكوين آن مي باشد. پژوهشگر معتقد است باز شناختن اين رويكرد به دلايل مختلف براي جامعه ايراني سودمند است. پژوهش با شرح تحولي كلي در نظريه هاي دموكراسي آغاز مي شود. تحولي به نام چرخش تاملي (Deliberative Turn) كه با تغيير كانون دموكراسي از دولت و سياست به خارج از نهادهاي رسمي سياسي، يعني فرهنگ و زندگي روزمره مردم، تعريف مي شود. به عبارت ديگر چرخش تاملي چرخشي فرهنگي در سياست است؛ به اين معنا كه سياست به مثابه پديده اي كه در همه تجربيات اجتماعي، در بازسازي هويت‌ها و زندگي اجتماعي روزمره حضور دارد، درك مي شود. براي تشريح اين دگرگوني در ابتدا مي‌پردازيم به بستر تاريخي- اجتماعي چرخش تيوريك و تغييرات سياسي‌اي كه سبب شد تعريف كلاسيك ليبرال دموكراسي ناكارآمد شده و تغييراتي در آن ايجاد شود. پس از آن تعاريف و اصول دموكراسي تاملي بيان مي‌شود و در ادامه به مقايسه اين رويكرد با مهم‌ترين نظريه بديل، «ليبرال دموكراسي» مي‌پردازيم و شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌هاي آن دو را بررسي مي‌كنيم. پس از مطالعه تطبيقي دو مدل دموكراسي، تفاوت‌هاي دموكراسي تاملي را به چهار حوزه عمده (يعني نهادها، كنشگران و نيروهاي اجتماعي، رويه‌ها و حوزه تحقق) تقسيم نموده و در نهايت به چالش‌هاي دموكراسي تاملي از نظر رويكردهاي رقيب و پاسخ به برخي از آنها پرداخته مي‌شود.

This article would be a theoretical and comparative research in filed of two approaches concerning democracy. The main challenge of this article is to find the major differences between the reflective-democratic approach as well as the liberal democracy through the analysis of the reflective democracy as well as the social grounds of its genesis. The researcher believes that the re-identification of this approach would be beneficial to the Iranian society for different reasons. The research would initiate with a general- revolutionary explanation related to democratic theories. A revolution named (deliberative turn) would be defined out of formal- political institutes i.e. culture, and the routine life of people through the change of focus of democracy from the government and policy. To put the other way, the deliberative turn would be a cultural turn in policy. It means that the policy is comprehended as a phenomenon present in all social experiences, in the reconstruction of identities as well as the routine social life. To explain this revolution, it would be considered the historical-political ground of theoretic turn and the political changes which caused the inefficiency of the classical definition of liberal democracy and some of its changes. After that, it would be mentioned the definitions and the principles of deliberative democracy along with the comparison of this approach with the most important theory of alternative, “liberal democracy” as well as their similarities and differences. Following the comparative study of the two models of democracy, the differences of deliberative democracy would be divided into four major domains of institutes, activists, social powers, trends and the domain of fulfillment and finally it would be considered the challenges of deliberative democracy in terms of rival approaches and response to some of them.