مهندسي اجتماعي و نقش مشاركت مردمي در تحقق پذيري نوسازي در بافت هاي فرسوده شهري نمونه موردي: محله نعمت آباد، منطقه 19 ، تهران

Social Engineering and the Role of Community Participation to Increase Feasibility in Renewal of Dilapidated Urban Areas (The Case of Nematabad, 19th District of Tehran)

امروزه توجه به ابعاد اجتماعي نوسازي بافت هاي فرسوده و توجه به برنامه ريزي مشاركتي تحت عنوان رهيافتي تازه براي مداخله در بافت هاي فرسوده به شمار « برنامه ريزي براي مردم » به جاي « برنامه ريزي با مردم » مي آيد. نقش مشاركت مردمي از عوامل بسيار مهمي است كه بايد در هر برنامه توسعه مورد توجه قرار گيرد . ايده تنظيم گرديده « مهندسي اجتماعي » مشاركت مردمي در شهرسازي، در فرايند علمي تيوري سازي و در قالب نظريه است. مهندسي اجتماعي به حضور و مشاركت مردم از ابتدا تا انتها تاكيد دارد و با رويكرد طراحي با مردم به اين موضوع مي پردازد. نظريه مهندسي اجتماعي در بافت فرسوده محله نعمت آباد واقع در منطقه 19 در فاصله سال هاي 1386 تا 1389 به اجرا درآمده است كه از نتايج آن مي توان به سرعت اجراي كار، رضايت گروه هاي هدف، اعتمادسازي، كاهش معارضان و بالاخره ارتباط مستمر بين مردم و مديريت شهري اشاره كرد . اين مقاله با استفاده از نتايج حاصل از مطالعات ميداني و كتابخانه اي، نقش مشاركت در مهندسي اجتماعي و تاثير آن بر كيفيت تحقق پذيري طرح را بررسي مي كند و با مقايسه طرح پيشنهادي حاصل از مهندسي اجتماعي و مشاركت مردم، به بيان مزيت هاي افزايش مشاركت حاصل از رويكرد مهندسي اجتماعي مي پردازد.

Aiming at achievement of community participation and maximum feasibility for urban plans, social engineering approach is to be discussed, in this paper, as a method of planning in close interaction with people. Citizen participation in urban renewal can not be judged simply as an effort to “plan with people” and thus realize a democratic goal, but only with reference to the differing capacities of various social classes to engage in the collective determination of objectives, and the implications of such participation for the ends of the renewal program. Further, citizen participation has got many consequences for the growing number of big-city mayors who seek power without having strong party organizations. Communities are supposed to participate fully in the planning and implementation of urban renewal projects. Participation is a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives, as well as the decisions and resources which affect them. Participation may be a means or an end, but in reality it is usually both. Community participation should be aimed at empowering people by ensuring that skills are developed and that employment opportunities are created. Involving people in order to increase awareness, empower, build capacity, or expand rights and duties may be an end in itself, but it may also function as an instrumental means for accomplishing a specific task. Similarly, working with people to accomplish a specific task may enable them to expand their confidence and ability to address other issues in their lives. Community participation should be aimed at empowering people by ensuring that skills are developed and that employment opportunities are created. The emphasis, in social engineering, is on continuous attendance and participation of people, from the outset of basic studies to the final phase of project. Having: 1) theoretical principles; 2) dynamic and interactive structure; and 3) methods of implementation, social engineering is a theory capable of being generalized to different areas. Among outcomes of social engineering are: _ Rapid implementation process, _ Assurance of target group’s approval, _ Omission of parallel and redundant phases, _ Reliability on planning and decrease of opponents, and _ Constant interaction between community and municipal administration. The present paper is a survey on the use of social engineering to cope with the problem of dilapidated urban areas and describes different phases of planning with people from the beginning to the proposal of alternative plans in the case of Nematabad. Research methodology of this study includes in-site and library studies, and documentary reports of the whole process, describing different phases of the project from the first acquaintance with given area to the final presentation of plans to people, emphasizing on the role of social engineering. The paper ends up with a comparative discussion on proposed plan as a result of a combination of social engineering with community - participatory methods.