بررسي استثنايات صلاحيت محاكم نظامي در قانون اساسي

Study of Exceptions in Competence of Courts Martial in the Constitution

مطابق اصل 172ق.ا. محاكم نظامي از رسيدگي به جرايم عمومي نظاميان و نيز جرايمي كه نظاميان در مقام ضابط دادگستري مرتكب مي‌شوند ممنوعند. در تفسير اين استثنايات اختلاف نظرهاي زيادي ميان حقوقدانان و مراجع رسمي و قضايي وجود دارد. در خصوص استثناي اول دو تعريف مضيق و موسع جرم نظامي منشا اختلاف است و در خصوص استثناي دوم نيز دو ديدگاه مضيق و موسع وجود دارد. در اين مقاله با بررسي تيوري‌ها و آرا مختلف سعي بر آن است ديدگاهي كه با فلسفه وجودي محاكم نظامي و هدف قانونگذار در استثنا كردن اين موارد هماهنگ تر است تقويت گردد.آنچه مسلم است اين است كه رويه قضايي در سازمان قضايي نيروهاي مسلح و بعضا در ديوان عالي كشور به سمت توسعه صلاحيت دادگاه‌هاي نظامي گام برداشته است كه اين امر مغاير با فلسفه وجودي محاكم نظامي و اراده قانونگذار اساسي در اين زمينه است.

According to the Article 172 of the "Code of Courts Martial", courts martial are not allowed to examine common crimes or crimes committed by military people while serving the department of justice. In interpretation of these exceptions, there are many disagreements among legalists as well as official and judicial authorities. Concerning the first exception, disagreement is caused by two narrow and extensive interpretations of crimes committed in connection with military … duties. And, for the second exception as well, there are two narrow and extensive interpretations. In the present article, studying various theories and opinions, the author has tried to strengthen the view which is in more harmony with the philosophy of existence of courts martial and the aim looked for by the legislator through mentioning these cases as exceptions. To be sure, judicial precedent in the Judicial Organization of Armed Forces and sometimes in the Iranian Supreme Court has gone to extend competence of the courts martial and this is inconsistent with the existential philosophy of courts martial and the will of the legislator in the Constitution.