جنبش شهرسازي در سده‌هاي نخستين خلافت اسلامي

The Urbanization Movement in the First Centuries of Islamic Caliphate

هنگامي كه اعراب باديه‌نشين مسلمان در آغاز قرن هفتم ميلادي از صحراي جزيره‌العرب به‌عنوان جهاد ديني به اطراف پراكنده شدند، غير از آيين جديدشان، چيزي كه مخصوص خود آنان باشد به همراه نداشتند؛ از فنون معماري چيز زيادي نمي‌دانستند، شهرهايشان جز توده‌هايي از كلبه‌هاي گلي ابتدايي و روستاهايشان جز جوخه‌هايي از سياه‌چادر يا آلونك‌هايي از ني نبود و تنها عبادتگاهي كه داشتند، كعبه در مكه بود كه به هيچ‌يك از درجات هنر ساختمان ارتباطي نداشت. با اين وجود، چند دهه‌ پس از اين مهاجرت، به كمك اقوام و ملل مغلوب و امكانات ذاتي آنان جنبشي را آغاز كردند كه از آن به «جنبش عمران و شهرسازي» مي‌توان ياد كرد؛ زيرا پس از مدت كوتاهي به برپايي شهرهايي چون كوفه، بصره، واسط و بغداد در شرق و فسطاط و رام‌الله در غرب اقدام كردند. هدف از اين پژوهش با اتكا به منابع و شواهد تاريخي پاسخ بدين سوال است كه چه عواملي اعراب صحراگرد را بر آن داشت تا به درك تاريخي ضرورت چنين پديده‌اي نايل شوند.

When Muslim Nomad Arabs were scattered around as a religious jihad from Arabian Peninsula at the beginning of the seventh century AD, they had nothing of their own except their new religion; they did not know much about architectural techniques, their cities were just piles of primary mud cottages and their villages were just squads of tents or straw huts. Their only place of worship was Kaaba in Mecca which had relationship with none of the art degrees of buildings. However, a few decades after this emigration, they began a movement with the help of the defeated nations and their inherent facilities which could be called “Urbanization and development movement”; such being the case, after a short period of time, they began to build cities such as Kufa, Basra, Wasit, Baghdad on east and Fustat and Ramallah on west. Relying on the historical sources and evidences, this study aims at answering the question of the factors for such an understanding by the nomad Arabs and its historical necessity.