برگسون: زير بناي فلسفه ي سينماي دلوز

Bergson: Infrastructure of Deleuze Cinematic Philosophy

چكيده سينما وفيلم نقش مهمي در تغيير بينش انسان به جهان در جوامع مختلف بشري ايفا مي كند. برگسون و بحث زمان به عنوان ديرند 1 زيربناي ساخت دو كتاب فلسفي دلوز در باب سينما با عنوان تصوير-حركت و تصوير-زمان است. حركت 2، نقطه ي اتّصال تصوير و ديرند است. از ديد برگسون تصوير، حركت مادّه است. دلوز در تصوير-حركت با استفاده از بحث حركت كيفي برگسون مفهوم تدوين ب هعنوان يك كلّ حسي-حركتي را ابداع كرد. تدوين وظيف هي آزاد كردن زمان حقيقي يا ديرند را از قيد حركت برعهده دارد. در سينماي مدرنِ پس از جنگ جهاني دوّم قواعد متداول داستا نگويي برهم مي ريزد و تدوين، جايگاه خود در سينماي كلاسيك را از دست مي دهد. در اين سينما دلوز با استفاده از مفهوم يادِ برگسون انواع مختلف تصوير-زمان را مي آفريند. در اين تصاوير ديرند از قيد حركت آزاد م يشود و زمان در ناب ترين شكل خود متجلّي مي شود. اين مقاله، به بررسي مفاهيمِ حركت، ديرند و ياد در شكل دهي به فلسف هي سينماي دلوز مي پردازد و نقش اين مفاهيم در ساخت تصوير-تفكّر را بررسي م يكند. تصويري كه محرّك تفكّر است و انديشه را شالوده اصلي سينما معرفي م يكند

Abstract This paper attempts to define The role of Bergsonian concepts in forming of Deleuze’s Philosophy of Cinema. Deleuze is one of the most important contemporary philosopher who works on Cinema. He wrote two major books in field of cinema which entitled them: Cinema 1, Movement-Image & Cinema 2, Time-Image. Bergson is one of the most influential figures in philosophy of Deleuze, who plays a key role in Cinema 1 & 2. Deleuze uses some main concepts of Bergson like Duration, Movement, Memory… to construct his philosophy of Cinema. Bergson Believes that Image is Movement of Matter. According to Connection of Image and Movement, Deleuze Constructs Movement-Image which has a Movement Inherently. Based on this concept, He named Cinema before world war II as Movement- Image or Indirect Image of Time. In Cinema 1, Deleuze used Duration and Qualitive Movement to describe some definitions like Shot and Montage in early years of cinema. Deleuze defines Montage in foundation of Bergson concept: something changes from the beginning to the end of the film. It is Duration. Montage as Duration connects Shots which present Images. It makes a whole entirely different from each shot. Whole is openness of Existence in which time occurs. Deleuze finds some examples in history of cinema, such as: 1)American Montage school of Griffith. 2)French Impressionist, 3)Revolutionary Russian School of Montage at 1920’s era and ultimately 4) Expressionist School of pre war Germany. Coincidentally to war, belief of human to world changed. Cinema wasn’t except from these changes. Deleuze called this Cinema Time-Image or Direct Image of time. Deleuze used Bergsonian concept of Memory and Coexistence of Time to deconstruct formal meaning of time, particularly Narration to explore purest mode of time. Time-Image is emergence of Duration. It gradually appears in some school of film like Neorealism, French New Wave and totally Modern Cinema after World War II. In This Image, Time isn’t linear and Homogeneous, but conversely Hetrogeneous. Deleuze used Concept of Memory to create Recollection and Dream-Image. These Types of Time-Image makes Circuit consisted of Subjective and Objective. There isn’t recognizable limits between Imaginary and Real in These two Images. Recollection-Image uses Memory in Consciousness state like flashback in Cinema, while Dream-Image employs it subconsciously. Another Bergsonian concept in cinema 2 is Coexistence of Time. It is coincident of Past, Present and Future. This concept presents itself in different aspects: Mirror-Image and Crystal-Image. In crystal-Image which is multiple dimensional Mirror-Image, sequence of time isn’t determinable. Finally, Concepts of Bergson helps Deleuze to construct his prominent concept in his Cinematic philosophy: Thought-Image. This paper also attempts to solve the question How Bergsonian concepts affect Thought-Image. An Image which induces a Shock to Thought and promotes its value. You can recognize it in all genres of cinema both Modern and Classic.