تحليل شمايل شناسانه مفهوم شهر در سينماي مستقل و جريان اصلي جهان ) 2010-1980 ميلادي(

An Iconological Analysis of City Concept in Mainstream and Independent Cinema (1980-2010)

چكيده شهر معاصر محل تبلور اصلي ترين تحولات فكري است و به همين سبب با مطالعه آن مي توان به مباني نظري و ارزش هاي ساختاري جوامع پي برد. پيشينه پژوهش نشان مي دهد كه فروپاشي اتحاد جماهير شوروي، سست شدن پايه هاي انديشه مدرن و به پايان رسيدن كلا نروايت ها، زمينه ساز ظهور انديشه هاي پست مدرن و شهرهاي پساصنعتي شده است؛ شهرهايي كه دريچه هاي جديدي را رو به تحليل هاي سينمايي مي گشايند. هدف از اين پژوهش، ارايه تحليلي تطبيقي از مفهوم شهر، به عنوان واقعيتي ذهني، بر اساس مصاديق و نمادهاي عيني در دو نوع «سينماي مستقل » و «جريان اصلي جهان » در سه دهه اخير در خلال دهه 1980 تا 2010 ميلادي است. روش تحقيق مقاله تحليل محتواي معنايي، متكي بر تحليل س هگانه پانوفسكي در حوزه نمادشناسي تصويري است؛ كه بر اساس متدولوژي تحقيق در 10 نمونه از فيلم هاي منتخب به بحث گذاشته مي شود. نتايج اين پژوهش نشان از وجوهي مشترك و غير مشترك در دو سينماي جريان اصلي و مستقل در نمايش شرايط شهري امروز دارد. تاكيد نسبي سينماي جريان اصلي بر ارايه نمادهاي دلال تكننده بر شهر تجاري، توهم زده، مد و تبليغات، و لذت و سرگرمي؛ و همچنين بروز بيشتر تصاوير نمايشگر تضاد، بحران هويت و بعد جاري اجتماعي شهر در سينماي مستقل قابل تامل هستند

Abstract There is an old saying which refers to “We build our cities and our cities build us”. This meaning could be understood through new masterpieces of contemporary cinema especially after World War II and other related changes. There are some meaningful hints in contemporary cinema which emphasize role of built environment in manifestation of meaning in artworks. Literature review of the paper show that this is an interactive issue which our cities influence our understanding about our cities and in the other hand cinema manipulate mankind’s relationship to his environment. Postmodern city is a title which mentions a wide range of phenomena such as postindustrial cities and so on which enjoys a great respect in contemporary cinema. Recent reflections regarding to city and other related fields emphasize the roll of postmodern cinema toward formation of new gender of understanding between art and audience, cinema and society etc. Our cities and societies, particularly in west, are now in various ways ‘post-industrial’: ‘post-Fordist’, ‘post-modern’, even ‘post-historical’. The economy is undergoing a transition from the production of goods to the provision of services. In this context, media can play important roles not only as a tool to represent the urban condition, but also as a service that can intense the post-industrial condition. Film is a young medium and just like any type of media, it can represent or criticize all aspects of life and all aspects of humanity in a simple motioned image, in a frame. The theoretical framework of the paper is based on literature review which emphasized on the latest theories in related field that developed by German art historian, Erwin Panofsky. Panofsky’s iconography as a highly influential modern academic tool for interpretation of contemporary artworks is adopted as base of theoretical framework of the paper. This tool refers as three strata of subject matter or meaning: 1- Primary: natural subject matter, 2- Iconography: conventional subject matter, 3- Iconology: intrinsic meaning or content. Regarding to iconology step, cinema cannot be isolated and should be considered as an historical incident and product of a historical environment which reflects all aspects of its circumstances especially built environment. This paper is to discover the image of city in mainstream and independent cinema from 1980 to 2010. Iconological approach is chosen especially because of its depth and capability to analysis icons and symbols. Urban iconic meanings have been interpreted from chosen movies, in both cinematic types, through analysis the “film pictures”. The results of this research indicate that some common and some specialized urban aspects of the two cinematic types can be distinguished, and all are summarized in two tables. Mainstream cinema is more representing leisure, advertisement and entertainment city; whereas urban images of contrast, identity crisis and multiculturality can be seen in independent cinema category. The results of the paper show that there are meaningful relationship between two parts of this challenge namely city and cinema especially in case of postmodern and postindustrial city and related phenomena in comparison between independent and mainstream cinemas.