درآمدي بر چيستي تمدّن اسلامي از ديدگاه مستشرقان

A Prelude to the Nature of Islamic Civilization in View of Orientalists

تمدن پژوهي در نظام علمي غرب، سابقه اي ديرينه دارد و چيستي تمدن اسلامي از اين قاعده مستثنا نيست. هدف اصلي نگارش اين مقاله، شناخت چيستي تمدن اسلامي براساس تنوع رويكردها است. با توجه به مفهوم شناسي تمدن با رويكردهاي ماهيت نگر، تمايزنگر، علت نگر و تحليل مفهومي و با توجه به برخي ويژگي هاي تمدن مانند نظام اجتماعي، اين جهاني بودن، هماهنگي و همسويي عناصري آن، هويت و پويايي تمدن و سنخ شناسي مطالعات تمدني در نظام علمي غرب، حداقل پنج رويكرد درباره چيستي تمدن اسلامي قابل استخراج است: رويكرد قايل به وحدت در عين تنوع تمدن اسلامي، رويكرد قايل به شان استقلالي تمدن اسلامي، رويكرد قايل به شان اسلامي - ايراني و عاريه اي تمدن اسلامي، رويكرد قابل به جوهره غير تمدني و فرهنگي آن چه تمدن اسلامي ناميده مي شود؛ رويكرد قايل به جوهره عربي داشتن تمدن اسلامي. اين مقاله، با رويكرد منطقي – تاريخي و با روشي مبتني بر استقرا تاريخي اين پنج رويكرد را كاويده است.

Seeking civilization in the scientific system of the west would be of long history and the nature of Islamic civilization could not be exempt from this principle. The main purpose of writing this article is to identify the nature of Islamic civilization on the basis of the variety of approaches. Considering the conceptology of civilization through the nature based, distinction based, cause based approaches as well as conceptual analysis in addition to considering some properties of civilization such as social order, this worldliness, the conformity between its elements, the nature and dynamism of civilization, as well as the study of the origin of civilized studies in the scientific system of the west, it could be extracted at least five approaches related to the nature of Islamic civilization. The approach believing in the unity along with the variety of Islamic civilization, the approach believing in the independency status of Islamic civilization, the approach believing in the Islamic-Iranian and borrowed status of Islamic civilization, the approach believing in the uncivilized and cultural essence of whatever called Islamic civilization; the approach believing in the Arabian essence of Islamic civilization of this article with logical-historical approach along with a method on the basis of historical induction has been investigated in this regard.