طبقه‌بندي اصناف و بررسي ساختار آنها در عصرصفويه

Classification and structure of Guilds in the Safavi Era

چكيده محور پژوهشي اين مقاله تبيين نقش و كاركرد اصناف درعصرصفويه است. وقوف بر اين موضوع به جهت تبيين ساختار و تشكيلات ناظر بر اصناف عصر صفوي به عنوان يكي ازمهم‌ترين نهادهاي جامعه داراي اهميت است. تا پيش از اين، توصيفي كه از اصناف عصر صفوي و بررسي آن صورت گرفته تنها نام و كاربرد هر يك ازآنها بوده است. در اين پژوهش ابتدا به بررسي جايگاه اصناف در عصر صفوي و سپس نهادهاي موجود در زيرمجموعه اين قشر به صورت طبقه‌بندي شده اشاره گرديده و سپس به دو گروه عمده اصناف و شيوه زندگي و امرار معاش آنها پرداخته شده و در بخش مهم مقاله، اصناف به لحاظ سازمان داخلي و خارجي تقسيم‌بندي و سپس به ارزيابي و تحليل سلسله مراتب موجود در آن پرداخته شده است. اصناف در اين دوره از ساختار و تشكيلات دروني (سلسله مراتب) چون: كدخدا، رييس بازار، استاد، كارگر يا صنعتگر‌ و شاگرد تشكيل شده بود. همچنين ساختار و تشكيلات بيروني اصناف نظير: كلانتر، نقيب، محتسب‌ و داروغه، مورد بحث واقع شده است. جمع‌آوري اطلاعات در اين پژوهش به روش كتابخانه‌اي انجام گرفته و برمبناي رويكردي توصيفي- تحليلي مي‌باشد. داده‌ها و اطلاعات بر پايه يافته‌هاي حاصل از منابع گوناگون و استنتاج و تحليل آنها مي‌باشد.

Abstract The focus of this paper is to explain the role and function of guilds in the Safavi era. Therefore, awareness of this issue is important from several perspectives: First, explaining the structure and formations governing guilds in the Safavid era as one of the most essential institutions in the community. Second, absence of guild-oriented economic idea in researches done about Safavi era and adopting the approach of determining the status and role of guilds in the Safavi era. Since no comprehensive research has been done on the conditions of guilds in the Safavi era, conducting research on this topic is a novel work. Prior to this, some scattered descriptions of the name and application of Safavi guilds have been presented. In this study, we examined the role and status of guilds in the Safavi era. Then, their subordinate institutions were classified and introduced thereafter. After that, two main guilds, their lifestyles and livelihoods were mentioned. Furthermore and in an important part of this paper, both internal and external structures of guilds were classified. Finally, the assessment and analysis of the hierarchy of these guilds were discussed. Internal structures and formations (hierarchy) of the guilds in this era were included: ealdorman, head of market, master, worker or artisan, and apprentice. Also, the external structures and formations (hierarchy) of the guilds in this era were such as sheriff, superintendent, Muhtasib (adviser), and security officer, who were the Chief of Security and had some judicial powers of judges, were discussed. The data was collected via library method. Furthermore, descriptive - analytical approach was adopted for this study. The data and information were collected from various sources and conclusions and analyses were done based on these findings.