نسبت نظر و عمل با ملكات اخلاقي و تبدل ذاتي انسان در حكمت متعاليه

The Relationship of Theory and Practice with Moral Habits and Man’s Essential Change in the Transcendent Philosophy

در حكمت متعاليه ميان حكمت نظري و حكمت عملي رابطه هستي‌شناختي دقيقي وجود دارد. ملاصدرا بر پايه اصالت و تشكيك وجود، حركت جوهري و حدوث جسماني و بقا روحاني نفس به تبيين اين رابطه و تبدل نفساني ناشي از آن ميپردازد. تاثير و تاثر ميان افكار و اعمال و نيات و خلقيات فرد طي فرايند حركت جوهري نفس صورت باطني و حقيقي انسان را شكل ميدهد؛ انسانها ابتداي آفرينش از نوع واحدند ولي در باطن و در آخرت بسبب غلبه ملكات مختلف نفساني تحت انواع مختلف ملكي، حيواني، سبعي و شيطاني قرار ميگيرند. تجسم صورت اخروي و بدن مثالي انسان نيز متناسب با ملكات نفساني و اخلاقي وي خواهد بود، زيرا در آخرت اجسام سايه ارواحند. اين همان مسخ باطن يا تجسد اخلاقِ اشاره شده در نصوص ديني است. در عين حال، حركت جوهري نفس ـ ‌چه در مسير ملكي و چه در مسير حيواني، سبعي يا شيطاني‌ـ از سنخ لبس بعد از لبس است، زيرا منشا شقاوت باطني و اخروي نيز نوعي اشتداد در فعليت است. بنابرين، ميتوان نتيجه گرفت كه بر اساس مباني و اصول حكمت صدرايي مسخ باطني و اخروي انسان از سنخ انقلاب محال نيست.

There is an accurate ontological relationship between theoretical and practical wisdom in the Transcendent Philosophy. Based on the principiality of existence and gradation of being, the trans-substantial motion, and the corporeal createdness and spiritual subsistence of the soul, Mulla Sadra explains this relationship and the soulish change which results from it. The mutual influence of the thoughts, acts, intentions, and behaviors of an individual on each other in the course of the trans-substantial motion of the soul form the inner and real form of human beings. At the beginning of their creation, all individuals are from the same species; however, in their innermost and in the Hereafter, because of the domination of various habits over their souls, they turn into angelic, beastly, savage, or devilish human beings. The embodiment of Man’s otherworldly form and Ideal body are also proportionate to their soulish and moral habits. It is because in the Hereafter bodies are the shadows of souls. This is the same inner transformation or moral incarnation which has been mentioned in religious texts. Moreover, the soul’s trans-substantial motion, whether in the angelic path or in the, beastly, savage, or devilish path, is of the types of dressing after dressing. This is because the origin of inner and otherworldly wickedness is also a kind of gradedness in actuality. Therefore, it can be concluded that, based on the principles of Sadrian philosophy, Man’s inner and otherworldly transformation, is not of the type of impossible essential transformation.