بررسي فقهي و حقوقي تاثير شبهه در رفع مجازات

A Judicial and Legal Investigation on the Position of Doubt in Penalty Removal

اصولاً شبهه، يك واقعيت رواني است كه ممكن است براي هر انساني به وجود آيد و تابع اصول و قوانين و موقعيت‌هاي جغرافيايي نيست و عروض آن نيز، زمان خاصي را طلب نمي‌كند هر چند ممكن است تابع شرايط روحي و رواني متاثر از عوامل دروني و بيروني باشد. آنچه كه موجب تحقق قاعده‌ي «درا» و سبب اجراي آن توسط قاضي و دادگاه مي‌شود، حدوث و وجود شبهه‌ي معتبره است؛ زيرا شبهه، تمام الموضوع و به تعبير ادبيات، مسنداليه قاعده‌ي«درا» است. ليكن بايد توجه داشت كه هر شبهه‌اي نمي‌تواند رافع مسووليت جزايي باشد؛ بلكه شبهه‌اي رافع مسووليت جزايي است‌كه ضمن تحقق تمام اركان و شرايط، بايد وجود آن از هر حيث براي قاضي و دادگاه احراز شده و موقعيت اجتماعي، محيط فكري، فرهنگي و جغرافيايي و زندگي شخص مدعي جهل و شبهه را در نظر گرفت. نكته‌ي قابل توجه در اين مقاله اين است كه در صورتي كه شبهه از نوع موضوعييه باشد، در صورتي داريه است كه قلمرو اشتباه محدود به جرايم عمدي باشد. اما جرايم شبه عمدي و يا غيرعمدي كه اصولاً عنصر رواني آن ناشي از تقصير و خطاست، باعث تغيير ماهيت جرم و زوال مسووليت جزايي نخواهد شد و با انتفاي عنصر رواني جرم طبيعتاً مجازات نيز يا ساقط مي‌شود و يا از كيفيات مخففه برخوردار خواهد شد.

Typically, the doubt is a mental truth that may be occurred for any human being and it does not follow geographical principles, laws and situations and its occurrence do not require certain time. Although it may be a function of mental conditions affected by internal and external factors, certain time and place do not impact its occurrence and it bears limits, scales, strengths and weaknesses of the extreme of which is called ignorance; it is not a kind of ignorance of which humans are aware but it is a type of ignorance under which the ignorant is not aware of his/ her ignorance and takes a false thing as a correct one and a non-real thing as a real one and this definition of doubt is a comprehensive one in opinion of Sunni and Imamiyeh jurists and Islamic penal code. What causes the achievement of Dare principle and its execution by the judge and court is the occurrence and existence of valid doubt; because the doubt is the whole of subject and based on the literature it is the subject of Dare principle. But, it must be noted that any doubt cannot remove penal liability; instead the kind of doubt removes penal liability that not only meets all conditions but also its existence shall be proved in all aspects for the judge and court and the social, cultural and geographical position, intellectual atmosphere and personal life of ignorance and doubt claimant shall be considered too. The important point in the present article is that in the case that doubt is of subjective type, he/ she is known as subject to Dare principle if ignorance domain is limited to the intentional crimes. But the torts and or unintentional crimes that their mental element is due to fault and error do not change the nature of crime and removal of penal liability and with the lack of mental element of crime, its punishment is naturally waived or discounted.