دلاله العنوان في "رساله من المنفي" لمحمود درويش و"نامه" لاحمد شاملو (دراسه مقارنه)

بررسي تطبيقي دلالت عنوان در دو قصيده "رساله من المنفي" از محمود درويش و"نامه" از احمد شاملو

نشانه‌شناسي، رويكرد نقدي نويني است كه با خوانش و نقد متون ادبي برخي عناصر آن را مانند عنوان، با شيوه‌هاي جديد ارزيابي مي‌كند. عنوان، اشاره نخستيني است كه خواننده، كليد معنا را فشرده‌وار در يك يا چند واژه مي‌يابد و امكان ورود به اعماق متن را، به‌منظور گشودن رمزگان‌هاي آن، پيدا مي‌كند؛ به‌طوري‌كه از طريق متن به مفهوم عنوان پي مي‌برد. براين اساس، اين مقاله، نشانه‌شناختي دو عنوان شعري «رساله من المنفي» اثر محمود درويش و «نامه» اثر احمد شاملو، و همچنين تطبيق واژه «نامه» در عنوان اين دو تحليل و بررسي مي‌كند؛ رويكرد اين جستار، توصيفي ـ تحليلي و بر مبناي مكتب امريكايي ادبيات تطبيقي است. نتايج بيانگر آن است كه واژه «نامه» پيامي را به خواننده منتقل مي كند كه حاكي از بيان اوضاع اجتماعي است كه اين دو شاعر در آن زندگي مي‌كنند. محمود درويش شرايط ميليون‌ها انسان را نشان مي دهد كه در اثر زياده‌خواهي عده‌اي از سرزمين خود آواره گشته‌اند و قرباني ستم، تجاوز و وحشي‌گري آنان شده‌اند و براي رسيدن به حقوق ازدست‌رفته خود و زندگي عادلانه مبارزه مي‌كنند و شاملو نيز ستمي بر مردمان سرزمينش را روايت مي‌كند كه آنان را از حقوق انسانيشان محروم و رام حاكميتي جبار كرده‌است.

Semiotics is a new approach to study the modern literary criticism, which deal with literary criticism and analysis. Also some elements of the text evaluate the title by new methods and styles that are hidden by critics. According to the critics, title is the first point that the audience faces with, and it is the semantic key, which summarizes the structure of the text into one or some words, and through it, the reader gets deep into the text to find its codes. So that the meaning of the text is being understood. since, the title is a sign of typology, it is a clue to the understanding of the content of the text, which and it is placed on the top of the text, that’s why it is paid special attention. Accordingly, this paper investigates and analyzes the semiotics in these two poems “A Letter from Exile” by Mahmoud Darvish and “letter” by Ahmad Shamloo. Also it compar’s of the word "letter" in their titles. The approach of this essay is descriptive – analytical, and is based on the American comparative literature. The results showed that the term “letter” indicates the situations of the societies which the poets live. Mahmoud Darwishʹs poem refers to a situation in where millions of people have been displaced from their motherland due to the eminences and ambitions of some minority, and for years, they have been the victim of oppression and aggression, and have battled against the ongoing conditions to regaine their human rights. Shamloo is also the symbol of the oppression on his people, the tyranny deepend into the society, caused deprivation of its people from their rights, and made them the absolute obedients of the tyrant ruler. His poetry is a voice against tyranny to tear down the chains of dependency. So we can say the word "letter" suggests that the poet is trying to reflect the ongoing to the reader. Hence the concept of “letter” doesnot go beyond our understanding. Thus just the text implies the message.