بررسي باستان شناختي در دره كُران بُزان، زاگرس مركزي

Archaeological Investigations of Kuran Buzan Valley in Central Zagros

طی بهار 1389 دره كُران‌بُزان با هدفِ كشف و شناسایی محوطه‌های باستانی و مطالعه چشم‌انداز فرهنگی آن مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. دره كُران‌بُزان دره طویل و باریكی است كه در مركز كوهستان‌های زاگرس واقع گردیده و شامل بخش‌هایی از غرب استان لرستان و بخش‌هایی از شمال‌شرقی استان ایلام در زاگرس‌مركزی است. این دره به واسطه جریان رودخانه سیمره و پتانسیل‌های سرشار زیست محیطی قابلیت‌های فراوانی به‌ویژه در دوره پیش از تاریخ دارد. با توجه به قابلیت‌های فراوان منطقه و موقعیت مهم جغرافیایی آن در زاگرس‌مركزی، منطقه كاملاً با پای پیاده و به‌صورت فشرده با هدف یك‌بار برای همیشه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. منطقه مورد بررسی 71 كیلومتر مربع وسعت دارد و شامل دره‌ها، تپه ماهورها و ارتفاعات حاشیه رودخانه سیمره است. در نتیجه بررسی موفق به كشف تعداد قابل توجهی (122 مكان) محوطه باستانی از كهن‌ترین دوره استقرار بشر تا به امروز شدیم. از این تعداد 110 مكان مربوط به دوره پارینه‌سنگی، دو محوطه مربوط به دوره نوسنگی، یك محوطه مربوط به دوره مس‌و‌سنگ، دو محوطه عصر مفرغ، هفت محوطه مربوط به دوره تاریخی و هفت اثر و محوطه مربوط به دوره اسلامی است. این مكان‌ها شامل محوطه‌های باز دوره پارینه‌سنگی، روستاها و استقرارهای موقت، قلعه، آسیاب، كانال آب‌رسانی و دو گورستان است. نتایج بررسی نشان می‌دهد كه بیشترین شواهد به‌دست آمده در دره مربوط به دوره پارینه‌سنگی میانی است و در دوره‌های پس از آن به‌جز یكی دو استقرار دایم و شماری محوطه با پراكندگی سطحی مواد فرهنگی، معمولاًً خالی از سكنه بوده است. این موضوع به احتمال فراوان در رابطه با كمبود اراضی حاصلخیز در دره و وضعیت ویژه زمین‌ریخت شناسی آن است.

The Kuran Buzan valley is a long and narrow valley located in Central Zagros mountainous region comprising the eastern parts of modern Luristan as well as the north eastern parts of Ilam provinces. The environment of valley and the flow of Seymareh River in the center of valley have given potentially the valley an ideal space attracting the human colonies from the very early times through nowadays. Locating the real sequences of human occupations and their distributions across the valley, a systematic archaeological survey of the area have conducted in spring 2010. Since the dam construction in the area seemed to have threatened the archaeological sites and also because of the topography of the valley which would obscured the sites appearances, a full coverage and intensive gridded system of survey was applied to enhance the probability of finding not only the actual locations of sites but rather off-site material which were assumed to be distributed all around the valley. Applying such technique in an area about 71 km2 , we were able to explore some 110 Paleolithic sites as well as some sites from the various cultural periods (2 sites as Neolithic, 1 site as Chalcolithic; 2 sites as Bronze Age, 7 sites belong to the historical period and 7 to the Islamic era). These, are including Paleolithic open sites, Neolithic open sites, Chalcolithic and Bronze Age settlement, 1 historical fortress, some historic sites with distribution of pottery, a watermill, a channel and a cemetery from Islamic period. Sites could be attributed to the Lower (3 sites) and Middle Paleolithic (107 sites) while we could not identified the Upper Paleolithic/Epi-paleolithic episodes yet. This could be attributed to the geophysical patterns of the area where many natural cherty outcrops (Amirn formation) and some other raw material are easy to access on the surface made it possible the Paleolithic stone tool makers were able to use. The assemblages are consisted of Acheulian bifacial as well as large chopping tools, cores, scrapers and other Lower Paleolithic tool types as well as including a variety of the Middle Paleolithic industry such as large tools were generally made by the Levallois techniques. Considering the spatial pattern of sites and studying the distribution frequency of tools and their technological characteristics may applied that the Kuran Buzan valley attracted the different groups of Pleistocene’s hunter-gatherer; as the availability of resources could reinforced the living struggles of populations. During the later periods which plant cultivations become dominant, the only way of life in the region, the shortage of accessible lands which were restricted just to the patchy alluvial terraces of the Seymareh River banks prevented the valley being occupied by the farmer societies. Through this research we found that the geographical location of Kuran Buzan valley which is linked to the known Paleolithic areas in the north to Kermanshah, Mahidasht and Sarfirouzabad as well as to Hulailan in the west and to Kuhdasht in the east may account for existence of a networking system through which the Kuran Buzan tool makers were interacted technologically with their peripheral neighbors.