سفال داغدار، سفال شاخص دوره اشكاني در سيستان ايران

Burnished War, the Diagnostic Pottery of the Parthian Period of Sistan, Iran

سفال به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین و فراوان‌ترین داده فرهنگی در اكثر محوطه‌های باستانی از اهمیت بالایی در مطالعات باستان‌شناسی برخوردار است. به‌نحوی كه بسیاری از دوره‌بندی‌های تاریخی صورت گرفته بر مبنای مطالعات نمونه‌های سفالی می‌باشد. از این‌رو شناخت سفال هر دوره و هر منطقه یكی از بنیادی‌ترین مراحل مطالعات باستان‌شناسی است. در باستان‌شناسی دوره اشكانی اهمیت مطالعه سفال با توجه به‌وجود سبك‌های محلی در هر منطقه جایگاه ویژه‌ای دارد و گونه‌های سفالی متنوع در مناطق مختلف هر یك بیان‌گر سبك و پیشرفت خاصی هستند. یكی از نمونه‌های خاص سفال اشكانی در منطقه سیستان، سفال با تزیینات داغدار می‌باشد كه دارای كیفیت و ظرافت منحصر به‌فردی است به‌نحوی كه به‌ندرت در دیگر مناطق ایران مشاهده می‌شود. این نوع سفال كه دارای كیفیت مطلوب چه در مرحله ساخت و چه در مرحله پخت است، یكی از سفال‌های شاخص این دوره‌‌ی سیستان می‌باشد كه كم‌تر در مورد آن به‌صورت مجزا و مستقل پژوهش شده است. با توجه به اهمیت سفال داغدار سیستان در باستان‌شناسی منطقه و نقش آن در گاهنگاری دوره‌ی اشكانی، سعی گردیده است تا با مطالعه‌ی میدانی و كتابخانه‌ای روند شكل‌گیری، تغییر و تحول و تأثیر و تأثر آن در مناطق همجوار مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. مطالعات صورت گرفته نشان می‌دهد كه سفال با تزیین داغدارسیستان را می‌توان گونه سفال شاخص محلی این منطقه دانست كه در اواخر دوره اشكانی مورد استفاده سفال‌گران سیستانی قرار گرفت. هم‌چنین مقایسه‌های گونه‌شناختی انجام شده، مشخص كرد كه این‌گونه سفالی در محوطه‌های غربی و مركزی افغانستان كه تحت نفوذ دولت كوشانیان بودند؛ بسیار كاربرد داشته است.

Pottery is the most important and abundant cultural material of the archeological sites enjoying enormous importance; as large numbers of historical chronologies are based on potteries and its typological comparisons. As such, in terms of structural properties, the pottery identification of each period and region is one of the fundamental aspects of archeological studies. The historical pottery unlike prehistoric one has noticeable decrease in decoration meanwhile the other decorations techniques such as slipping were not common(Regardless of the Sassanid dynasty glazed pottery, quantities are negligible) and these potteries has special complexity as we need more  broad studies to be done on the various regions. Regarding to the presence of local styles during the Parthian period as a longest period of the ancient Iranian kingdoms, the potteries have special importance; in other words, diverse pottery types in different regions are indicator of a particular style and advancement of the given period. One of the specific Parthian pottery samples of Sistan region is burnished pottery which has special quality and elegance and is rarely known from other Iranian parts. This pottery type has desirable quality both in its manufacturing phase and the firing process. The Parthian burnished wares are the most elegant and luxurious in the east, especially in Sistan rarely noticed by apart researches. Regarding to the importance of Sistan burnished ware in archeology of the region and its role in the chronology of the Parthian era, this article is trying to study this particular type of pottery of Sistan, its formation process and time-domain spreading, transition and its impact on neighboring areas. Here, the authors are trying to review the studies on the Parthian era Sistan burnished ware apart from complete introduction of this pottery type, to focus on its regional dispersion. The Sistan burnished wares are enjoying much desirable condition in terms of their quality. Most of them are wheel-made with suitable firing and the fabric compaction is high as there is no visible porosity. Burnished designs often applied with horizontal lines on both sides of potteries whose place depends on its function; burnished lines with irregular vertical, irregular horizontal, mixed or zigzag lines as well as in geometrical forms were applied. The potters have applied these decorations on variety of pottery types and forms, such as pitcher, cup and bowl. All given types have burnished both sides of bowls which is mainly cross and regular lines. Although pottery cannot be the only indicator of social hierarchy in a region, but the existence of Burnished ware on the most important sites of Sistan area could shed light on this truth that this type of pottery have produced by experts at the most important sites of Sistan having luxury aspects. Typological comparisons were also found that this type of pottery in the central and western areas of Afghanistan during the Kvshanyan mandatory has been very common.