تاثير جريانهاي فكري بر آموزش فلسفه در مدارس عصر صفويه

The Effects of Philosophical Trends on Teaching Philosophy in Schools in the Safavid Era

توجه مدارس به فلسفه در ادوار مختلف عصر صفويه يكسان نبود و تحت‌تاثير جريانهاي فكري و علمي حاكم بر جامعه، فراز و فرودهايي را طي كرد. در اين نوشتار، روند آموزش فلسفه در مدارس عصر صفوي با استناد به منابع تاريخي با روش توصيفي و تحليلي در دو نيمه اين دوره بررسي ميگردد. در نيمه اول اين دوره بعلت حاكميت عقل‌گرايي بر مدارس، فلسفه در كنار علوم ديني، همچون دوره پيش از صفويه بسيار مورد توجه قرار داشت كه اوج بالندگي آن در ميانه هاي عصر صفوي و در مكتب فلسفي اصفهان است. اما در نيمه دوم اين دوره، بويژه در دهه‌هاي پاياني آن با احياي مكتب «اخباري» يا اهل حديث و تحت‌تاثير آن، آموزش اخبار و احاديث شيعه در مدارس رونق يافت و آموزش فلسفه در مدارس با تنگناهايي روبرو شد و رو به افول نهاد؛ بگونه‌يي كه در بعضي از مدارس مانند مدرسه «سلطاني» و «مريم بيگم» در اصفهان تعليم و تعلّم آن ممنوع شد و در رديف علوم ضالّه قرار گرفت.

Not the same level of attention was paid to philosophy in schools in different periods of the Safavid era, and there were some ups and downs in this regard under the influence of the various philosophical and scientific trends dominating the society of that time. This paper examines the process of teaching philosophy in schools in two halves of the Safavid era based on historical sources while employing a descriptive-analytic method. During the first half of this era, because of the dominance of rationalism over schools, philosophy, alongside religious sciences, was the focus of great attention, as it was in the pre-Safavid era. We can observe the peak of its growth in the middle of the Safavid era in the philosophical School of Isfahan. However, in the second half of this era, particularly during its last decades, with the revival of the Akhbari school of thought or the school of the people of hadith, the teaching of the Shi‘ite traditions and hadith became prevalent in schools, and the teaching of philosophy in schools was very limited and suffered huge decline. For example, in some schools such as “Sultani” and “Maryam Beigum” in Isfahan they banned the teaching and learning of philosophy and placed it in the list of subversive sciences.