تبيين نقش تلويزيون و مطبوعات در رشد فرهنگ سياسي مشاركتي (مطالعه موردي: دانش‌آموزان دبيرستاني شهر اصفهان)

Explaining of TV and Press Role in Participation Political Culture among Students (High School Students of Isfahan Case Study)

با توجه به اهميت مشاركت سياسي شهروندان در جوامع امروز و همچنين، اين موضوع كه ايران؛ به‌ويژه در سال‌هاي پس از انقلاب، افزايش مشاركت سياسي مردم و دستيابي به توسعه سياسي را به عنوان يكي از اهداف خود قرار داده است، پژوهش حاضر مي‌كوشد آموزه‌هاي فرهنگ سياسي را كه از طريق تلويزيون و مطبوعات به شهروندان؛ خصوصاً دانش‌آموزان دبيرستاني منتقل مي‌شود، بررسي كند و به اين نكته پي ببرد كه آيا اين دو رسانه به عنوان بخش مهمي از فرآيند جامعه‌پذيري سياسي در انتقال آموزه‌هاي فرهنگ سياسي مشاركتي در ميان دانش‌آموزان موفق عمل كرده‌اند. در حقيقت، پرسش اصلي اين مقاله اين است كه: تلويزيون و مطبوعات در ايران كدام آموزه‌هاي فرهنگ سياسي را به مخاطبان دانش‌آموز خود منتقل مي‌كنند و آيا اين آموزه‌ها دانش‌آموزان را به سمت فرهنگ سياسي مشاركتي رهنمون مي‌سازد؟ بنابر فرضيه مقاله حاضر، تلويزيون و مطبوعات در ايران بيش از آنكه به تقويت آموزه‌هاي فرهنگ سياسي مشاركتي، مانند حقوق شهروندي و مانند آن بپردازند، به گسترش آموزههاي فرهنگ سياسي تبعي پرداخته‌اند و از آنجا كه به دلايل مختلف در كسب اعتماد مخاطبان خود موفقيت چنداني نداشته‌اند، اندك آموزه‌هاي آنها كه رنگ و بوي فرهنگ مشاركتي داشته است نيز از سوي مخاطب مورد توجه و استقبال چنداني قرار نگرفته است. نگارنده در پژوهش حاضر كوشيده است با استفاده از روش پيمايشي و توزيع پرسشنامه در ميان دانش‌آموزان پايه‌هاي دوم و سوم دبيرستان شهر اصفهان، به سوال‌هاي پژوهش پاسخ دهد. در همين راستا، 440 پرسشنامه در ميان دانش‌آموزان توزيع شد كه 22 عدد از آنها به علت كامل نبودن از فرايند پژوهش حذف شدند و تعداد 418 پرسشنامه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. در تحليل آماري پژوهش از شيوه‌هاي آمار توصيفي و آمار استنباطي استفاده شده و به اين وسيله يافته‌هاي آماري مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفته‌اند. براساس يافته‌هاي پژوهش، تلويزيون بيش از مطبوعات در راستاي گسترش آموزه‌هاي فرهنگ سياسي مشاركتي حركت نموده؛ در حالي كه آموزه‌هاي فرهنگ سياسي كه توسط مطبوعات به دانش‌آموزان دبيرستاني منتقل شده، بيشتر تبعي بوده‌اند.

Introduction A participatory political culture is the one of important criteria of democracy and political development; a core component of citizenship in a democracy is participation in political activity. In fact if we want democracy, we need responsible people who interested in participating in the political process. Considering that culture is the acquired and is transmitted to people by various social institutions such as family, school, media and etc; media as a one of powerful and Impressive social institutions, especially by indirect methods, can transfer the values of participatory political culture to their audiences. In addition, Consider to importance of political participation in developing countries like Iran this paper tries to review the values and cultural that is transmitted by the TV and press to their audience specially high school students, those who are forming their own political self. In order to increase participation, students need to acquire a desire to participate before they leave school. The main question of this essay is what type of political culture is transferred to students by those media? Does they lead high school student to participatory political culture? Our hypothesis is that the Iranian media, TV and press, often is teaching subject political culture to its audience, especially high school students. This is because they can not achieving trust of their audience. Material and Method This Paper has used a theoretical framework which provided by Almond and Verba about political culture. Almond and Verba claim to have identified three broad types of political culture .first, Parochial culture, in which no clear differentiation of specific political roles and expectations exists among actors, i.e. political specialization is minimal; second, subject, in which institutional and role differentiation exists in political life, but towards which the citizen stands in largely passive relations; and third, participant, in which the relationships between specialized institutions and citizen opinion and activity is interactive. The method of this paper is statistic method. To answer the paper’s question and study of student’s political culture, 440 Questionnaire is distributed among high school students in Isfahan city that 22 of them were excluded due to incompleteness of the research process, and 418 questionnaires were evaluated. In the statistical analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods used and the findings of this study have been analyzed. Discussion of result and conclusion: Based on the research findings, in the most cases the both of TV and press in Iran transfer values that related to subject political culture. This study also shows that TV more than press can transferred some components of participatory political culture to its student’s audience, but press cannot do this. Of course, even the TV was not able to transfer high level of participation, such as encouraging students to membership in the parties and NGOs, and they just attention to issues like encouraging their audience to take part in the elections. According to the findings of this research, the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the Iranian media, especially the press in the transmission of such concepts and values could be their sectarian operation and the mistrust of people to them. Therefore as long as strong parties have not formed in Iran and media perform as political parties, and also as long as they do not have economic independence, they cannot express their true opinions and critiques and attract trust of their audience like high school students. On the other hand, since the culture of critique and dialogue in our media space is not highlighted, the message is transmitted indirectly to the audience, especially high school students, is the high cost of political participation. Consequently, this message causes people, especially students, to stay away from political participation and active presence in the political arena. Keywords: Political Socialization, Political participatory, Political Culture, Media.