طبقه بندي و تحليل گونه شناختي سفال عصر مفرغ تپه گريران الشتر

Classification and Typological Analysis of Bronze Age Pottery of “Tappe Gariran” Alaeshtar

سفال در دسترس‌ترین و فراوان‌ترین مواد فرهنگی محوطه‌های باستانی را تشكیل می‌دهد كه به‌واسطه آن، می‌توان به ادوار فرهنگی موجود در سایت‌های مورد مطالعه، بدون كاوش دست یافت. در این جستار به‌مطالعه و بررسی "سفال‌های" مرتبط با عصر مفرغ تپه «گریران» دشت الشتر كه از طریق بررسی‌های پیمایشی به‌دست آمده‌اند، پرداخته و سپس با حضور سفال‌های مفرغ قدیم تا جدید، رویكردی نو به گاهنگاری این تپه و دشت الشتر صورت می‌پذیرد. تپه گریران در بخش شمالی الشتر، در شمال استان لرستان واقع شده است؛ این تپه با وسعت 13 هكتار، دارای ادوار مختلف فرهنگی از هزاره چهارم ق.م. تا دوره اسلامی است. در دشت الشتر بالغ بر 26 محوطه مربوط به عصر مفرغ شناسایی شده‌اند كه بزرگ‌ترین محوطه آن تپه گریران است و با توجه به دارا بودن تسلسل سه دوره مفرغ قدیم تا جدید، می‌تواند گره‌گشای مطالعات عصر مفرغ و گاهنگاری آن در منطقه مورد مطالعه باشد. در این جستار 102 نمونه سفال دوره مفرغ تپه گریران مورد مطالعه قرار می‌گیرد. سفال‌ها جهت گونه‌شناسی ابتدا براساس نمونه‌های شاخص شناخته شده‌ی دوره مفرغ زاگرس‌مركزی در چهار گروه سفال‌های نخودی، قرمز، آجری و قهوه‌ای دسته‌بندی شده؛ سپس تك به تك سفال‌ها با نمونه‌های مشابه در مناطق همجوار، مقایسه، تحلیل و گاهنگاری می‌شوند. در این راستا، در درجه اول از «گودین‌تپه» به‌عنوان مرجع مقایسه و گاهنگاری همواره استفاده گردیده، اما به‌منظور تقویت گونه‌شناسی سفال‌ها،‌ از سایر محوطه‌های شاخص همجوار نیز، بهره گرفته شده است. به‌جهت برخی محدودیت‌ها سعی گردیده تا از بین چندین نمونه سفال مشابه به‌دست آمده از تپه گریران، حداقل یك نمونه را در تحلیل و گاهنگاری به‌كار گرفته شوند.

Bronze Age is one of the important prehistoric periods of Iran, especially central zagros with its inter-mountain plains which requires more study and investigation aiming to understand the cultural data of every region and also the chronology. One of the important and key regions in Central Zagros is “Alaeshtar” plain, located in north of Luristan, has 26 archaeological sites attributed to Bronze Age which its largest sits is “Tappeh Gariran”. But, comprehensive and accurate study  Carrie out on the region Here, we address the study and investigation of potteries related to the Bronze Age of Tappeh Gariran and then new approach is done aiming to chronology the site and Alaeshtar plain  by the presence of early and Late Bronze Age pottery. Gariran is located in the north of Alaeshtar with 13 ha, in diameter having cultural sequence from the 4th millennium B.C to Islamic period respecting to have a sequence of three different periods of early and late bronze; it can be resolver of Bronze Age studies and chorology in the region. This query, 102 shreds from Gariran Bronze Age been studied. Based on known index samples of central Zagros Bronze Age, potteries have clustered into four groups of buff, red, brick and brown; then each of them have analyzed and compared with the same samples from the neighboring regions. Regarding that, Godin Teppe is used as a comparison and chronology reference, but in order to reinforce the potteries typology, other neighboring index sites have also been referred. Comparison the potteries with the similar samples from identified sites in the neighboring regions of Alaeshtar indicates typological relationships in between potteries from Alaeshtar and Tappeh Gariran But, majority of potteries, respecting to the chronological tradition which was common  by the Bronze Age, is concentrated in middle and late periods. Early Bronze chronology in central Zagros regions is uncleared regarding to the influence of different phenomena and respective, Yaniqcultural data. Yaniq culture has permeated in the west and plains around central Zagros to Kangavar plain, Nahavand and finally Malayer plain moving toward southern boarders. according to carried out studies on the chronology of pottery, Yaniq pottery have adapted to the east areas of central Zagros this approach is offer able from Kangavar to Malayer plain due to the presence of this type of cultural material in the central Zagros. Whereas, less sample is obtained from Kangavar valley southward. Base and criterion of placing Yaniq pottery as a basic approach for understanding early bronze of central Zagros ,especially north regions of Luristan, is cussed turbulence of chronology status of the large areas from north of Luristan to south of Kermanshah. Only two from 102 shreds of the research in Tappe Gariran are comparable with early bronze pottery, polychrome pottery, Majority of samples indicate pottery types of Godin III. On the other hand, polychrome pottery similar to Posht-Kuh (Luristan) regions and Khozestan plain is also less than one cannot find certain chronology relationship between Alaeshtar plain and southern regions in Posht-Kuh and Khuzestan plain by the early Bronze Age, but it cannot be denied that the cultural tradition and it can be known homogenous with same works. But, these low numbers of pottery sample related to early period of Bronze Age are showed and confirmed the presence of early bronze in Tappe Gariran. It seems that common pottery of early bronze in Tappe Gariran has other specification (maybe local) respecting to the given materials; chronology method used in Godin Teppe which is done and used in majority of central Zagros is not adaptable and applicable in Tappe Gariran.