تحليل وضعيت حقوقي معاملات مشتري نسبت به مورد شفعه

Analysis of Legal Status of Buyer Transactions to the Case of Pre-Emption (Shufa’a)

در مواردي به حكم قانون براي شخصي نسبت به مبيع، حق شفعه پديد مي‌آيد و او مي‌تواند با پرداخت معادل ثمن به خريدار، مبيع را تملّك نمايد. گاه قبل از اِعمال حق شفعه توسط شفيع، خريدار نسبت به مبيع معامله‌اي انجام داده و آن را از مالكيت خويش خارج مي‌نمايد. حال سوال اين است كه قبل از اِعمال حق شفعه، وضع حقوقي معامله چگونه بوده و اِعمال حق شفعه چه تاثيري بر آن دارد. در پاسخ به اين سوال، در مورد وضع حقوقي معاملات مشتري قبل از اِعمال حق شفعه، نظر مشهور، صحت معاملات مشتري است. در عين حال نظريه «عدم نفوذ» نيز طرفداراني دارد. درباره تاثير اعمال حق شفعه بر معاملات پيش‌گفته نيز بايد گفت در ميان كساني كه معاملات مزبور را قبل از اِعمال حق شفعه صحيح مي‌دانند، گروهي اِعمال حق شفعه را سبب انفساخ معاملات مشتري دانسته‌اند. دسته ديگر امكان ابطال معاملات را مطرح كرده و گروهي نيز از عدم قابليت استناد معاملات مشتري در مقابل شفيع سخن گفته‌اند. جستار حاضر ضمن طرح ديدگاه‌هاي مختلف و نقد و بررسي آن‌ها، به اين نتيجه دست يافته كه نظريه «وضعيت مراعي» راه حل مناسب‌تري براي بيان وضع حقوقي معاملات مشتري قبل از اِعمال حق شفعه و نيز تبيين تاثير اِعمال آن بر معاملات مزبور است.

In some cases, it is established the right of pre-emption (shufa’a) for a person relating to the sale by the law of rule. He can refund the sale price to the purchaser and possesses the sale. Some times before exercising the right of pre-emption (shufa’a) by the pre-emptor, the purchaser has carried out a transaction in relation to the sale and he has no longer the owner of the sale. Here the question is what the legal status is before exercising the right of pre-emption (shufa’a) and what the effect of exercising the right of pre-emption (shufa’a) is on it. To respond to this question about the case of legal status of the transactions of the buyer before the exercising the right of pre-emption (shufa’a), the general outlook of the Islamic jurisprudents is the validity of the transactions of the buyer. But the attitude of ineffectiveness has proponents. About the effectiveness of the exercising the right of pre-emption (shufa’a) on the pre-mentioned transactions (muamalat), it should be said that among those believe the validity of the mentioned transactions (muamalat) before exercising the right of pre-emption (shufa’a), some believe that exercising the right of pre-emption (shufa’a) causes the legal involuntary annulment of the transactions of the buyer (the cancelation of the transaction happens legally without the will of the buyer). Others have propounded the possibility of the annulment of transactions (muamalat) and some others have stated unenforceability (Inopposabilité) of the transactions of the buyer before the pre-emptor. The present research meanwhile observing different attitudes and criticizing and studying them has achieved this consequence that the theory of the situation of waiting -observing- for another legal affair (the legal status from the point of the contract requirements has no problem but the obstacle has caused the transaction to be kept until the determination of the other affair) a better solution to present the legal status of the transactions of the buyer before exercising the right of pre-emption (shufa’a) and the determination of its impact on that mentioned transactions (muamalat). Key words: The transactions of the buyer, Exercising the right of pre-emption (shufa’a), Voidance, Unenforceability (Inopposabilité), The situation of opposable or observing (in this situation the contract has been formed validly but because of an obstacle, The agreement has been suspended until the determination of the other thing situation generally the rights of third party).