گسست و پيوستگي فرهنگي در تياتر پيشامشروطه

Continuity and Discontinuity of cultural in before constitution theater of Iran

نشانه‌شناسي فرهنگي، از حوزه‌هاي مطالعه فرهنگ و هنر است كه توسط اعضاي مكتب مسكو/ تارتو پديد آمده است. اين الگوي فكري از يكسو به فرهنگ به مثابه موجوديتي مستقل كه سپهري قايم به ذات دارد نگاه مي كند و از سوي ديگر اين سپهرفرهنگي را پديده‌اي آميخته و داراي مرزهايي مي‌داند كه به واسطه آن با ديگر حوزه‌ها به گفتگو مي‌نشيند. فرهنگ‌ها با اين مرزها و از طريق ترجمه بينافرهنگي و فرآيندهاي جذب و طرد با يكديگر ارتباط برقرار مي‌كنند. در اينجا همپوشاني ميان رمزگان‌هاي دو فرهنگ،‌ سبب پيوستگي مي‌شود و نقاط بيرون قرار گرفته از مرزهاي مشترك گسستگي را شكل مي‌دهند. مقاله حاضر در نظر دارد با توجه به اين نظريه، به ادبيات نمايشي ايران كه شاخه اي از فرهنگ ايران زمين را شكل مي دهد، نگاهي نو بياندازد؛ همچنين ميزان گسست و پيوستگي در دوره پيشامشروطه در ادبيات نمايشي ايران را بررسي نمايد. لذا براي نيل به اين هدف، ابتدا به معرفي و بررسي مفاهيم و اصطلاحات طرح شده در اين نظريه پرداخته خواهد شد، پس از آن به مطالعه تياتر پيشامشروطه از چشم‌انداز اين رويكرد مي‌پردازد و در نهايت، "چگونگي حكومت زمان خان" اثر ميرزا آقا تبريزي نخستين نمايشنامه‌نويس ايراني را در اين رويكرد قرار داده و بررسي خواهد نمود.

In cultural semiotics as posed by Tartu-Moscow circle the concepts of cultural sphere, border, and the (non)cultural other and the dialogue between this cultural self and that other on the borders are very critical. The mechanism of intercultural translation and the processes of inclusion and exclusion govern this intercultural dialogue. Such communication between cultures, in order to be realized, should be based on some similarities and differences. The presumed borders are not definite separating lines; rather there are some overlapping areas between two cultures. These are the areas which create continuity on the continuum of cultures. At the same time since the cultures want to create cultural identity through differences, gradually moving back from these margins towards the center (of culture), they experience a discontinuity. This dialectic of continuity and discontinuity generates the propelling energy and dynamicity of culture. In cultural semiotics, culture is not a self-contained, autonomous sphere, rather it is synchronically and diachronically a dynamic process of intercultural, inter-textual and intersemiotic relations, unstable, always in change and dynamic. Theater, in its contemporary sense, is a sub-sphere of culture developed through such intercultural translation and processes of inclusion and exclusion. This study tries to study the Iranian contemporary theater in the light of a cultural semiotic theory. We want to see how modern western theater found its way to Iranian cultural sphere, and was gradually appropriated, and found its local features. The collected data are classified thematically and then analyzed and finally we will have a case study which is the drama “Zaman Khan’s Rule” written by Mirza Agha Tabrizi who is known as the first Iranian playwright. The important figures studied in this article are Mirza Fathali Akhundzadeh and Mirza Agha Tabrizi which had a critical role in intruding theater to Iranian culture. These two people were contemporary to each other but because of living in different cultural contexts had different approaches to theater. In fact it was Mirza Fathali Akhundzadeh who was the source of inspiration for Mirza Agha Tabrizi and the interesting point is that Akhundzadeh himself lived in Tbilisi who was in fact a border and threshold between Iranian cultural sphere and western culture. As a matter of fact, Tbilisi’s theater was itself a result of intercultural relations with west. Thus Akhunzadeh himself, living for a long time in Tbilisi, looked at western theater as something belonging to a cultural other. Therefore Mirza Agha Tabrizi was experiencing a double intercultural translation. In this article we have tried to show the complicated double mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion and its effects on Iranian theater. It is evident that in this article we do not consider culture and as a result theater a product but a complex, multifaceted process, Theater entering Iran began a dialogue with local traditional plays and modern Iranian theater, like any other cultural process, is the result of such dialogues, between local forms and those coming from the other. Indeed this is in pace with all other aspects of our contemporary life.