بررسي فقهي- حقوقي گستره ي نشوز زوجين و شيوه ي مواجهه با آن

Study of couples’ Noshoz in Fiqh and legal system and the status of physical violence to encounter that

«نشوز» از واژگان مهم قرآني است كه در اصطلاح فقه اماميه و حقوق موضوعه، به معناي خروج زن يا شوهر از اداي حق يا حقوق واجب همسرش است. قرآن كريم در آيات 34 و 128 سوره ي نسا ، به نشوز زوج و زوجه و راه هاي رفع يا مقابله با آنها پرداخته است. «ضرب» يكي از گام هاي مواجهه با نشوز زوجه است كه در قرآن كريم تصريح شده و كيفيت، شرايط، ابزار و به طور كلي مختصات رجوع به آن، از موضوعات اختلافي بين فقهاي اماميه از متقدمين تا متاخرين بوده است. همچنين بر اساس راي بسياري از فقها، ضرب زوج نيز در حالت نشوز، علي رغم نبود نصّي در مورد آن، با لحاظ شرايطي، موجّه است، اما جايگاه و شرايط ضرب زوج و زوجه در مواجهه با نشوز آنها تفاوت هايي دارد كه در اين پژوهش، با استفاده از روش اسنادي و كتابخانه اي، بررسي شده است. بر اساس نتايج حاصل از اين پژوهش، تعريف و مختصات نشوز، گستره ي آن و نيز جايگاه ضرب در مواجهه با رخداد نشوز در خانواده در حقوق موضوعه نواقص و ابهامات جدي دارد. لذا مي بايست بر اساس آرا فقه اماميه و با رويكردي متناسب با مقتضيات نهاد خانواده و روابط مطلوب زناشويي در جامعه ي كنوني ايران، اين نواقص و ابهامات رفع شود.

‘Noshoz’ is one of the most important words in Quran which has been mentioned in topics on family feuds, and in terms of Fiqh means the withdrawal of a husband or wife from providing the rights and dues to its partner. In the verses 128 and 34 of the Surah Nisa, Holy Quran has described about the couples ‘noshoz’ and the means of overcoming this problem. Physical violence has been mentioned in Quran as one of the solutions for wife’s ‘noshoz’, but the quality, condition, tools and methods of accomplishment has continued to be controversial among Islamic jurists, from early pioneers until contemporary scholars. Moreover, according to numerous Islamic jurists, physical violence in the event of ‘noshoz’, even without any verse is provisionally accepted. The situation and conditions of physical violence in case of ‘noshoz’ also includes many differences which were examined by current work through library and documentary studies. To this end, after definition of the word ‘noshoz’ in juridical terms by Islamic scholars and legal experts, also the situations which can be considered as ‘noshoz’ by both husband and wife were explained and finally the status of physical violence when confronting ‘noshoz’ by husband or wife in the Islamic juridical view was described. In conclusion, the definition and characterization of ‘noshoz’, its spectrum and position of physical violence as a solution in the family, shows serious flaws and ambiguous issues which can leave improper effects on resolutions and verdicts for familial quarrels. As a result, according to the votes of the Islamic jurists with a proper approach based on the requirements of the family and perfect marital relations in the present society of Iran, these shortcomings and ambiguities must be fixed. This research has presented some guidelines in order to overcome these problems.