باغ انگليسي، رنسانسي ديگر

English Garden, Another Renaissance

قرن هجدهم عصر شكوفايي علم و فلسفه و از سوي ديگر رونق نقاشي در عالم هنر غرب به شمار مي‌آيد. در هر نقطه از اروپا، فلاسفه، شعرا، نجبا و سياسيون تمايل خود را به ايجاد باغ‌هاي زيبا نشان مي‌دهند. اما تنها در انگلستان استيل جديد پيدايش مناظر بديع از طريق نقاشي به وجود مي‌آيد. اين باغ‌هاي جديد برخلاف باغ‌هاي فرانسه، سمبل بي‌نظمي در باغ‌هاي جهان شمرده مي‌شوند. تبعات اين تحول عظيم در هنر باغ‌سازي جهان تاكنون ادامه دارد. با توجه به اين اهميت، علل ايجاد اين باغ‌ها و منابع الهام آنها سوالات اين تحقيق هستند. آيا تنها علل سياسي در اين تحول عظيم نقش داشته‌اند؟ يا اينكه دلايل ديگري نيز تاثيرگذار هستند؟ حقيقت انكارناپذير اين است كه در طراحي فضاي سبز انگلستان قرن هجدهم، انقلابي به وقوع پيوست كه تاثيرات سياسي، فرهنگي، اقتصادي و هنري در حركتي يكپارچه، اين تحول را رقم زدند. باغ انگليسي برخلاف نظريه‌هايي كه آن را بدعتي در ساختار باغ‌سازي جهان مي‌خوانند، نوعي بازگشت به دنياي زيباي كهن داشت. در حقيقت اين باغ تركيبي از نقاشي، شعر، خيال و شكل‌هاي ديگر از اغراق‌هاي شخصي بود كه عمق ريشه آن تحت تاثير ادبيات نيوگوتيك قرار داشت.

The eighteenth century is considered the era of prosperity of science and philosophy as well as the era of painting boom in western art world. In every corner of Europe, philosophers, poets, nobles and politicians show their desire to create beautiful gardens. However, it is just in England where a new style of emergence from beautiful landscapes for paintings comes through. Unlike the French gardens, these new gardens are considered a symbol of irregularities in gardens of the world so that the impact that this huge development has had on the world’s garden design art continues till today. Considering the significance of this type of garden, reasons of creation of these gardens and their sources of inspiration are the main research questions. Did only political reasons contribute to this great upheaval? Or other reasons were effective? It is an undeniable fact that a revolution took place in the design of green spaces in England of the eighteenth-century, that political, cultural, economic and artistic effects caused this development in a unified movement. English employers of the eighteenth century were bored with European garden designs, especially French gardens due to some political, philosophical and aesthetic reasons, so they tried to assign their sources of inspiration to the Far East. English Gardens, unlike the theories that call it novelty in the world Garden design, had a kind of a return to the ancient beautiful world. In fact, this type of garden was a combination of painting, poetry, fiction and other forms of personal exaggerations whose deep origins was influenced by neo-gothic literature. The style of these gardens was closely associated with Arcadian procedures recalling the feelings of the lost and entertaining golden age of ancient artifacts that was resurrected with the renaissance movement. The revival of Roman Baroque painters and ancient poets’ point of views of English gardens require great ingenuity. English landscape architects have tried to create interesting and pleasant effects of Italian landscapes in mind and revive pleasurable practices. Therefore, the influence of medieval art on these gardens can be seen that led to another renaissance.