معرفي و نقد برخي از روش هاي تعليمي و تربيتي صوفيه تا قرن ششم

Introducing and criticizing some of Sufiʹʹs didactic and educational methods up to the sixth century

سلوك در راه شريعت و طريقت براي رسيدن به حقيقت بدون راهنمايي و هدايت كسي كه خود اين راه را رفته باشد، امكان پذير نيست. برخي از مشايخ صوفيه كه به چنين مقامي رسيده يا تا حدودي به آن نزديك شده‌اند، وظيفه تعليم ديگران را بر عهده گرفته اند. آنها براي نيل به اين هدف از شيوه هاي مختلف تعليمي و تربيتي استفاده كرده اند. در پژوهش حاضر پس از معرّفي مختصر برخي از شيوه‌هاي تربيتي مشايخ صوفيه با توجه به منابع عرفاني منثور تا قرن ششم هجري، ضمن ذكر حكايت هاي مرتبط با هر روش، به نقد پاره‌اي از اين شيوه‌ها پرداخته شده است. مقايسه و تحليل اين روش ها نشان مي دهد كه باوجود گوناگوني روش‌هاي تعليمي شيوخ صوفيه، الگوهاي آموزشي يكساني در بين آنها وجود داشته است نظير پرسش و پاسخ، تنبيه، اعزام به سفر و اخراج از محيط روحاني و ... . همچنين تحليل و بررسي حكايات نشان مي دهد كه ظرفيت، انگيزه و خواست مريدان براي آموختن و تعليم ديدن، در برخورداري آنها از تعاليم صوفيه مهم است. طرح شمّه‌اي از وضعيت آموزشي صوفيه به عنوان يكي از حوزه‌هاي اخلاقي و تربيتي وسيع و مهم آموزشي مي‌تواند به عنوان پيشنهادي براي متوليان آموزش كنوني جامعه نيز به كار آيد.

Realization of the law and the way of reaching the truth without the guidance of someone who has gone this way is not possible. Some Sufi masters who have reached this status or are somewhat close to it because they have taken the responsibility for educating others. For this purpose they have used various educational and training practices. This study is in the response to the question of what these educational methods are and how they have used. After introducing some of the educational methods of Sufi masters with regard to prose mystical sources up to the sixth century, some anecdotes associated with each method have discussed and they have been criticized. It should be noted that few researches have been done related to this issue. It can be concluded that despite differences in teaching methods of Sufi masters, there had been same training patterns among them such as: question and answers, punishment, traveling and expelling from the spiritual environment, paying attention to positive behavior of other great men in different schools, lack of attention to their bad behavior, etc….. Paying attention to the capacity of disciples and ultimately the motivation and desire to learn are also of remarkable points in Sufi teachings. Posing these issues as a small part of Sufiʹs educational situation is one of the significant moral and educational fields. Apart from the issue of presenting a teaching history it can be considered as a recommendation to custodians of the current education community.