ارتباط بين مفاهيم سرمايه ي اجتماعي و كيفيت ذهني و عيني محيط شهري (نمونه موردي محله پنبه ريسه قزوين)

The relationship between objective and subjective concepts of social capital and the quality of the urban environment (Case study :Panbeh- Riseh neighborhood, Qazvin, Alborz province, Iran)

نگرش اجتماعي به مسايل شهري پارادايمي است كه از دهه 60 ميلادي جايگاه خود را در ادبيات نظري و سپس در طرح هاي شهري پيدا كرده است. در واقع ارتقا كيفيت هاي محيطي نه تنها به مهم ترين هدف در طرح هاي شهري شده است بلكه پايش و اندازه گيري آن نيز يكي از شاخص ها و ابزارهاي مهم در زمينه پايش اهداف برنامه ريزي و طراحي شهري است. به طور كلي در ادبيات نظري مربوط به بررسي كيفيت هاي محيطي دو رويكرد عمده وجود دارد. يكي به بررسي ابعاد عيني و مصداقي در زمينه كيفيت محيط مي پردازد و ديگري به كيفيت اظهار-شده توسط شهروندان توجه مي كند كه با عنوان كيفيت ذهني محيط شناخته مي شود. به طور قطع مي توان اظهار داشت بين اين دو مفهوم ارتباط مستقيمي وجود دارد. ولي اين رابطه هميشه به صورت رابطه ي خطي نيست. هدف اصلي اين پژوهش بررسي علل اصلي اين موضوع است. بر اين اساس، فرضيه اين پژوهش به صورت زير تعريف شد: ميزان سرمايه ي اجتماعي شهروندان در مقايسه با شرايط عيني محيط، تاثير بيش تري بر ميزان رضايت از محيط شهري دارد. در واقع سرمايه ي اجتماعي بالاتر سبب ايجاد رضايت مندي كلي از زندگي و به طور خاص از محيط شهري خواهد شد. به منظور بررسي فرضيه فوق محله پنبه ريسه قزوين به عنوان نمونه مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. ابتدا جهت سنجش شرايط عيني و ميزان رضايت مندي ذهني (كيفيت ذهني) از محيط شهري و سرمايه ي اجتماعي شاخص هايي تبيين شد. سپس بر اساس اين شاخص ها پرسش نامه اي تدوين و در يك نمونه با حجم 311 نفر از ساكنان محله توزيع شد. سپس از طريق روش تحليل مسير كه اساس آن بر محاسبه ي ضرايب رگرسيوني استاندارد شده مي باشد، به بررسي ميزان تاثير سرمايه ي اجتماعي و كيفيت عيني محيط شهري بر ميزان كيفيت ذهني محيط پرداخته شد. نتايج حاكي از آن است ضريب تاثير سرمايه ي اجتماعي بر كيفيت ذهني محيط شهري برابر 0.457 مي باشد. اين درحالي است كه ضريب تاثير كيفيت عيني بر كيفيت ذهني برابر 0.381 است. اين موضوع فرضيه پژوهش را تاييد مي كند. بر اين اساس با ارتقا 1 واحدي در ميزان سرمايه ي اجتماعي مي توان انتظار داشت ميزان كيفيت ذهني 0.457 واحد بيش تر و با افزايش 1 واحدي در كيفيت عيني كيفيت ذهني 0.381 واحد بيش تر شود. در نتيجه اين پژوهش اهميت توجه به ارتقا سرمايه ي اجتماعي و توجه به اين ابعاد را در برنامه-ريزي و طراحي شهري نشان مي دهد. در واقع ايجاد امكان تعاملات اجتماعي از طرق مختلف بايد يكي از اهداف اصلي در طرح هاي توسعه ي شهري قرار گيرد.

Applying social attitudes in urban problems is a new paradigm that gradually takes its place in the theoretical literature and in urban planning late 60s. On the other hand, the concept of quality of life in general and the quality of the urban environment in particular has become a major goal in both theoretical and practical aspects of urban development in the field of urban planning and urban design. Improving quality of urban environment is not only the most important goal in the urban plans, but also monitoring and measuring indices of it is one of the most important tools in the field of urban design, planning and monitoring purposes. Regarding the importance of the issue of monitoring the quality of the urban environment today, identifying various aspects and factors affecting it can be steps to its achievement. In general, there are two main approaches in the theoretical literature relating to urban environmental quality: One of these aspects focuses on the objective dimension of quality of urban environment, and the other one expressed by citizens regarding the quality, known as the subjective quality. Certainly, it can be stated that there is a direct relationship between these two concepts. However, it was proved in several studies, this relationship was not always a linear correlation. In fact, it can be expected in environments with low-quality objective quality, for various reasons, people’s satisfaction level is high and vice versa. The main concern of this study was to examine the root causes of it. According to this hypothesis, we supposed that the social capital of citizens has a greater impact on satisfaction of urban environment compared with the objective conditions of urban environment. Indeed, social capital creates higher overall satisfaction of life, and in particular, the urban environment will be concerned. To examine this hypothesis, we studied Panbeh- Rise neighborhood of Qazvin as a case study. At first in order to assess the objective conditions and subjective satisfaction (subjective quality) of the urban environment and social capital, indicators were explained. Then, based on these indicators the questionnaire was designed and across a sample of 311 residents of the neighborhood was distributed. Then, by using path analysis method that is based on calculating standardized regression coefficients, the contribution coefficient of social capital and objective quality of the urban environment on the subjective quality was evaluated in a path model. The results indicate that the coefficient of the impact of social capital on subjective quality of the urban environment is equal to 0.45. The coefficient of the impact of subjective quality on objective quality is equal to 0.38. Therefore, the researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis. However, by Improving one unit in terms of social capital, it can be expected that the subjective quality is improved by 0.45 unit and with increasing one unit in the subjective quality, objective quality is improved 0.38 unit. As a result, this research shows the importance of improving social capital and the necessity to pay attention to this aspect in urban planning and urban design. In fact, the possibility of social interaction through various means must be one of the main goals of urban development plans.