تأثير كودهاي آلي، تلقيح ميكوريزايي ( Glomus mosseaeو G. intraradices) بر عملكرد كمي و كيفي برداشت مختلف گياه دارويي كاسني پاكوتاه (Cichorium pumilum Jacq.)

The Effects of Organic Fertilizers and Mycorrhizae Inoculation (Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices) on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Dwarf Chicory (Cichorium pumilum Jacq.) in Different Cuttings

به منظور بررسی تاثیر كودهای آلی و تلقیح میكوریزایی بر عملكرد كمی و كیفی برداشت های مختلف گیاه دارویی كاسنی پاكوتاه (Cichorium pumilum Jacq.) آزمایشی در سال زراعی 92-91 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به اجرا درآمد. آزمایش به صورت فاكتوریل در قالب طرح بلوك‌های كامل تصادفی اجرا شد. در این مطالعه 12 تیمار؛ كه شامل كود آلی در چهار سطح (كود گاوی، اسید هیومیك ، فولویك اسید و شاهد) و تلقیح میكوریزایی درسه سطح (تلقیح با Glomus mosseaeو تلقیح با G. intraradices و عدم تلقیح) در نظر گرفته شدند. داده های آزمایش به‌دلیل تولید دو برداشت به‌صورت كرت‌های خرد شده در زمان در قالب طرح بلوك‌های كامل تصادفی مورد تجزیه آماری قرار گرفتند. 12 تیمار كودی به عنوان عامل اصلی، دو برداشت به عنوان عامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند و صفاتی از جمله وزن برگ در بوته، وزن ساقه در بوته، نسبت برگ به ساقه، شاخص سطح برگ، عملكرد تر زیست توده، عملكرد خشك زیست توده و میزان پلی فنول برگ اندازه‌گیری شد. بیشترین وكمترین عملكرد خشك زیست توده گیاه كاسنی پاكوتاه در برداشت دوم و اول (به ترتیب 4544 و 1739 كیلوگرم در هكتار) حاصل شد. تلقیح گونه های میكوریزا باعث افزایش عملكرد خشك زیست توده و شاخص سطح برگ، وزن برگ در بوته، در مقایسه با شاهد گردید. با این وجود بین تیمارهای G. mosseae وG. intraradices تفاوت معنی داری در صفات ذكر شده مشاهد نشد .كاربرد كودهای آلی نیز باعث بهبود صفات مذكور در گیاه كاسنی پا كوتاه شد. به طوری‌كه بیشترین میزان ماده خشك، شاخص سطح برگ و وزن برگ در بوته از كاربرد كود آلی اسید هیومیك حاصل گردید. كاربرد این تیمارهای تغذیه‌ای اثر معنی داری بر میزان پلی فنول برگ نداشت. به‌طور كلی بر اساس نتایج حاصله كاربرد كودهای زیستی و آلی صفات مورد مطالعه در آزمایش را در گیاه كاسنی پا كوتاه درعمده صفات مورد مطالعه باعث بهبود بخشید و تیمار mosseae G. + اسید هیومیك بهترین تیمار بود. همچنین كاربرد این منابع تغذیه ای می تواند منجر به كاهش مصرف كودهای شیمیایی در اكوسیستم های كشاورزی شود كه گامی مهم در راستای به حداقل رسانیدن آلودگی محیط و كشاورزی پایدار است.

Introduction: In recent years many farmers in Iran interested in to cultivate and produce different medicinal plants which are so important in traditional agriculture in Iran. In order to reduce the environmental impacts of using chemical inputs and also to increase the quality of plant secondary metabolite components, the emphasis is on sustainable agriculture base on using of organic and biological fertilizer. Dwarf chicory (Cichorium pumilum Jacq.) is an annual plant from Asteraceae family. Dwarf chicory is classified by jacq as subspecies of the cultivated species Cichorium endeva which consumed for healing a variety of diseases such as bacterial infection, poisoning and rheumatism. The use of organic fertilizer in the form of humic acid and fulvic acid play an important role in sustainable agriculture. Humic substances can be added to the soil for improvement the crop yield. A benefit of humic acid due to its ability to complex metal ions and form aqueous complexes with micronutrients and also may form an enzymatically active complex, which can be carry on reactions that are usually assigned to the metabolic activity of living microorganisms. In additional of using organic fertilizers, the biological fertilizer like mycorrhiza fungi is a good approach in agriculture. Mycorrhizal fungi have been used to enhance the plant growth and yield of medicinal crops and to help maintain good soil health and fertility that contributes to a greater extent to a sustainable yield and good quality of the products. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizers and mycorrhizae inoculation on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of dwarf chicory (Cichorium pumilum Jacq.) in different cuttings. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (59°28 E and 36°15 N ) in 2012-2013 growing season. The experimental treatments were all combination of organic fertilizers in four levels (cow manure, humic acid, fulvic acid and control) and three levels of Mycorrhiza inoculation (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and no inoculation) and The collected data were analyzed as split- plot in time based on randomized complete block design (due to having two cuttings during growing season) compared. The 12 fertilizer treatments and two cuts were considered as main and sub plots, respectively. The plots were 2.5*5 m (12.5 m2). The soil of the experimental field was silty loam with pH 8.09, contains total N (0.08 %), available P (10.25 ppm), and available K (286 ppm) with an EC of 1.26 dsm−1. The parameters measured were such as: leaf weight per plant, stem weight per plant, leaf/stem ratio, the leaf area index, fresh yield, dry matter yield and the poly phenol content. The poly phenol content was determined based on Wojdylo et al. (2007) method. The results were analyzed using SAS statistical program and MSTAT-C. The mean comparisons were performed using least significant difference (LSD) test. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest (4544 kg.ha-1) and the lowest dry matter (1739 kg.ha-1) yield were obtained in second and first cut, respectively. The results indicated that inoculation with mycorrhizal species increased the leaf area index, dry matter yield and leaf weight per plant compared with control treatment. However, there was no significant difference between G. mosseae and G. intraradices in terms of former mentioned criteria. The results showed that using organic fertilizers improved leaf area index, dry matter yield and leaf weight per plant. The highest dry matter yield (3470 kg/ha), leaf area index (1.01), stem weight per plant (11.50 g) and leaf weight per plant (0.72 g) were obtained in humic acid treatment. Studied treatments and also different cutting had no significant effect on poly phenols contents of leaves. In generally, our results showed that application of biological and organic fertilizers improved the most of studied traits of dwarf chicory and G.mosseae + humic acid treatment was the best. Conclusion: In this paper we have shown that yield contributing characters were significantly influenced by different treatment combinations of humic acid and mycorrhizal fungi and became maximum when humic acid and Glomus mossae were applied. In order to minimize contamination of the environment and sustainable agriculture, using biological and organic fertilizers can lead to reduction of chemical fertilizers application in agro ecosystems.