پديد آورندگان :
جابري، مسلم نويسنده كارشناس ارشد كشاورزي، دفتر هماهنگي امور اقتصادي و بين الملل استانداري خراسان جنوبي Jaberi, M. , برادران، رضا نويسنده استاديار عضو هيأت علمي، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد بيرجند Baradaran, R. , موسوي، سيد غلامرضا نويسنده , , اقحواني شجري، مهسا نويسنده دانشجوي دكتري اگرواكولوژي، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشكده كشاورزي، دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد Aghhavani Shajari, M.
كليدواژه :
گياه دارويي , آبياري , بيوفسفر , صفات كمي , ريز موجودات
چكيده فارسي :
به منظور بررسی تأثیر دور آبیاری و كودهای زیستی بر خصوصیات كمی و عملكرد گیاه شنبلیله، آزمایشی به‌صورت كرت¬های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوك¬های كامل تصادفی با سه تكرار در مزرعه آموزشی دانشگاه آزاد بیرجند در بهار سال زراعی 90-1389 صورت گرفت. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل دور آبیاری (با فواصل 6، 9 و 12 روز یك‌بار) و تلقیح با كودهای زیستی (در پنج سطح شامل نیتروكسین، بیوفسفر، قارچ‌های میكوریزایG.mosseae و G.intraradices و یك سطح شاهد فاقد كود) بودند. صفات مورد مطالعه در این آزمایش شامل ارتفاع، تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن هزار دانه، عملكرد برگ و عملكرد دانه بود. نتایج نشان داد كه تیمار دور آبیاری و كود زیستی بر اكثر صفات مورد مطالعه معنی‌دار بود. اثر متقابل تیمار آبیاری و كود زیستی در سطح احتمال پنج درصد بر عملكرد دانه و در سطح یك درصد بر عملكرد برگ شنبلیله معنی¬دار بود. بهترین دور آبیاری برای حصول حداكثر عملكرد دانه (16/48 گرم در مترمربع) و عملكرد برگ (50/159 گرم در مترمربع)، دور آبیاری با فواصل 6 روز یك‌بار بود. افزایش دور آبیاری باعث كاهش عملكرد دانه، برگ و سایر صفات مورفولوژیك گیاه دارویی شنبلیله گردید. بیشترین عملكرد دانه در بین كودهای زیستی، به ترتیب مربوط به كودهای بیوفسفر (68/35 گرم در مترمربع) و میكوریزا موسه¬آ (96/34 گرم در متر¬مربع) بوده كه تفاوت معنی‌داری با یكدیگر نداشتند و بیشترین عملكرد برگ نیز در تیمار كود زیستی میكوریزا موسه¬آ (66/128 گرم در مترمربع) به دست آمد. به‌طوركلی، نتایج این تحقیق در مورد استفاده از كودهای زیستی حاكی از آن است كه كاربرد كودهای بیولوژیك حاوی ریز موجودات باكتریایی و یا قارچی، در بهبود ویژگی‌های رشدی و عملكرد گیاه دارویی شنبلیله، تأثیر مثبتی داشته است.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction Drought is one of the most important factors whichdecrease crop production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world (1, 20). Appropriate nutritional management has an effective role in the resistance to environmental stresses on crops (7). An important issue about sustainability of food production is the maintenance of soil fertility through the use of organic matter and biofertilizers. One option to increase agricultural production is the use of beneficial soil microorganisms such as PGPR and fungi (45). This group of bacteria through biological fixation of nitrogen, increase phosphorus and potassium solubility, an increasethe availability of mineral elements in the soil, inhibits pathogen appearance and producehormones that regulate the growth of plants to affect crop yield (18, 47). Mycorrhiza enablesymbiosis with the roots of most crop plants, through the availability of phosphorus, nitrogen and other nutrients and thus increases water absorption and produces plant hormones, increases resistance to pathogens and environmental stresses, strengthens the soil microbial community and induces improving the growth and performance of plants in agricultural systems (5, 32, 37, 40).Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.)is an annual herbaceous plant that reaches a height of 50 cm (14). Since limited water is at very critical level now, the importance of further research in this area is felt. So, the study of medicinal plants considring water management and organic food is very important. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of organic and biofertilizers and irrigation on yield and yield components of fenugreek in Birjand.
Materials and Methods In order to study the effects of irrigation intervals and biofertilizers on quantitative traits and yield of fenugreek, an experiment was carried out in a split plot based on a complete randomized block design with 3replications at the research station, Faculty of Agriculture, Azad University, Birjand, Iran, during 2010-2011. Experimental treatments were irrigation intervals in three levels (every 6, 9 and 12 days) and biofertilizer in five levels (nitroxin, biophosphorus, and micorhyza fungi G. mosseae, G. intraradices and control-no fertilizer). Fenugreek was planted through furrow in mid-April 2010. The distance between rows and between plants was 30 and 10 cm, respectively. Seeds were covered by Nitroxin (including: Azotobacterchroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum and Azospirillum brasilense) and biophosphrous (including: Pseudomonas fluorescens) and then were cultured.They were used at a depth of 2cm below the seed from Glomusintraradiceand Glomus mosseae. Fenugreek was harvested in early July when the plants became yellow and at least 80% of the pods were reached. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SAS 9.1 and MSTATC. Mean comparison were compared by the Duncan test at 1% and 5% level of probability.
Results and Discussion: Results of statistical analysis showed that irrigation treatments and biofertilizers had significant effect on most indices. Interaction effect of irrigation and biofertilizer were significant on seed and leaf yield (p <0.05 and p <0.01). The highest seed yield was observed in 6 days irrigation interval and using G. mosseae and biphosphorus (83.60 and 88.58 g.m-2) with no difference in between,and the lowest seed yield was obtained in control treatment and irrigation interval of 12 days (9.41 g.m-2). Increasing the absorption of minerals by biological factors in the soil improves crops biomass and yield (26, 34). The irrigation interval to achieve the highest seed and leaf yield in this experiment was 6 days. Increasing irrigation interval led to reduction of leaf and seed yield and all morphological traits. The highest forage yield was achieved from G. mosseae treatment (128.66 g.m-2). Mycorrhiza fungi which symbiosis with the roots of most crop plants, through the availability of phosphorus, nitrogen and other nutrients, increasing of water absorption, increasing resistance to pathogens and environmental stresses induce improvement of growth and performance of plants in agricultural systems (40). Number of seed per plant was increased about 30.46 % in 12 days irrigation interval compared to 6 days. The maximum seeds number per plant (47.26) was obtained in biophosphorus treatment and there was no significant difference between other treatments. The researchers found that the use of biofertilizers in stress condition improves plant growth indices of Rosemary (23).
Conclusion In general, results showed that the application of biofertilizers including microorganisms of fungi or bacteria had positive effects on growth parameters of fenugreek. The best irrigation interval for fenugreek was irrigation every 6 days.Biomass and seed yield of this plant is reduced by increasing irrigation interval.
