بررسي زبان شناختي گويش محمدي جبالبارز كرمان

A Linguistic Study of Mohammadi Dialect of Jabālbārez in Kerman

جبالبارز جنوبي، از توابع شهرستان عنبرآباد كرمان، علي رغم وسعت و جمعيت كم، از تنوع گويشي فوق العاده اي برخوردار است. يكي از گويش‌هاي رايج در اين منطقه، گويش«محمّدي» است كه گويش طايفه اي به همين نام است. بين محمدي و گويش رودباري كه گويش عمده شهرستان هاي جنوبي كرمان است شباهت هاي بسياري وجود دارد معهذا تفاوت هاي چشمگيري هم به ويژه تفاوت هاي صرفي و نحوي بين آنها ديده مي شود كه درك متقابل بين گويشوران رامشكل مي سازد. موضوع اين مقاله، بررسي زبان شناختي اين گويش و هدف از آن، شناخت ويژگي هاي آوايي، صرفي و نحوي و واژگاني آناست.نگارندگان كوشيده اند با بيان ويژگي هاي مهم اين گويش، توصيفي كوتاه، امّا دقيق از ساختار آن ارايه داده و تا حدودي وجوه اشتراك و افتراق آن را با فارسي معيار باز نمايند. بنابر يافته هاي اين تحقيق، مهم ترين ويژگي هاي اين گويش از جنبه آوايي، وجود واكه هاي مركب /ie/ و /ue/ و همخوان هاي لبي شده /xw/ و /gw/است و از نظر صرفي و نحوي،مشخصه بارز آن، تمايز بين افعال لازم و متعدي در صرف ماضي، و كاربردساخت ارگتيو در ماضي هاي متعدّي است.

1- INTRODUCTION Southern Jab?lb?rez, located in Anbar?b?d of Kerman, has various dialects. One of them is “Mohammadi” dialect, belonging to the Mohammadi tribe. There are morphological and syntactic differences between Mohammadi and R?db?ri which is the main dialect of southern cities of Kerman. This makes the mutual intelligibility difficult for their speakers. This article is concerned with the linguistic study of this dialect. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK According to Skj?rv? (1988), Gershevitch distinguishes 3 subdivisions of Ba?kardi and related dialects: 1. Dialects outside the Ba?kard; 2. North Ba?kardi; 3. South Ba?kardi. He puts R?db?ri in the first group. Skj?rv? (1989), in his study of southeastern dialects, refers briefly to the main characteristics of Ba?kardi dialects. 3- METHODOLOGY This research is mainly a field study. The data has been collected by interviewing speakers of various genders, age groups and educational backgrounds. 4- DISCUSSION Phonology: Middle Iranian ? and ? has changed to the diphthongs ie and ue: zier “under”, M. P. az?r; bued “smell”, M.P. b?y; Middle Persian xw has remained before a, but it is changed to x in other cases: xwâh “sister”, M.P.: xwah; xie? “relative”, M.P.: xw??. The initial w of Middle Persian changes to gw or g while in Persian it changes to “b-” or “g-”: gwak “frog”, M.P.: wak; gozerg “big”, M.P.: wuzurg. Morphology and Syntax: Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are not inflected. Verb is the only grammatical category that is inflected/ conjugated. Noun: The only plural suffix is -on: ?u-w-on “husbands”. Adjective: The comparative adjective is made by adding the affix -te: gie?-te “more”. The superlative adjective is expressed by syntactic structure: bexter ey hema “better than all (best of all)”. Pronoun: The personal enclitics and pronouns are: me(n), to/ tue, ue/vue, mâ, tomâ, uenon; and -m, -t, -e/ -r, -mon, -ton, -enon/ -eron. Preposition: The prepositions ey “from, to”, x(w)ey / hey “with, by” and vâ “to” are not seen in Persian: ey mone go “he/she said to me”, xey?et bogum “I say to you”, vâ?et begom “I say to you”. Verb Stem: The verb is made by two kinds of stems: present and past. The affixes -âd and -is are used to make denominative stem: kot-âd- “to beat”, xow-is- “to sleep”. The causative stem is made by adding the affix -on: gel-on- “to cause (the camel) to kneel”. Infinitive, past and present participle: Infinitives are formed by adding -en; past and present participles are made by adding the affix -a to the past stem: pedoft-en “to swell”, doro?t-a “milled, ground”, ?ahlid-a “beaten”. Progression, negation and emphasis: The progression affix is -a. The Persian prefix “mi-” is not used in this dialect: a-y-âr-om “I bring”. The negation affix is na- and the prefix ma- is used for negative imperative forms: ni-y-aginom “I don’t see”, ma-ka “Don’t do it!”. Endings: Endings are as follows: -m, -e, -ue/ -ie/ -t, -in, -ie, -en. Conjugation: Conjugation of present verbs does not differ from Persian. In past forms, the conjugation of transitive and intransitive verbs is different; the inflection of transitive past verbs is the remainder of ergative structure in Middle Iranian languages. Personal endings are not used; personal enclitics (agent in Middle Iranian) are used instead: xo?ârt-om/ xo?ârt-et/ xo?ârt-e: I wrung/ You (sing.) wrung/ He (she) wrung. Enclitics may precede the past stem and attach to one of the words before the verb: men-om xo?ârt “I wrung (it)”, ni-y-om xo?ârt “I didn’t wring (it)”. Word Formation: In word formation, the most important difference between this dialect from Persian is the existence of special derivational affixes: the prefix bâ- is used in two words: bâ-zan “woman”, bâ-mard “man”. The suffix –akâ makes adverbs of manner, names of games and gerunds: ne?t-ekâ “in a seated position”, pat-pet-ekâ “hide-and-seek”, e?tel-dez-ekâ “camel stealing/robbing”. The suffix –â makes names for games: kotal-â “a type of play with pebble (called yek-qol do-qol in Persian)”. The suffix -uek/ ue/ u is used to make adjectives and diminutive nouns: xand-uek “jolly, cheerful”, kem-ue “a small sieve”. The suffix – kârang makes onomatopoeic nouns: ?i?kârang “the sound of rapid movement of a car”. Vocabulary: Some words of Old and Middle Persian which are not used in standard Persian or which are used in Persian with great phonological changes have remained in Mohammadi, such as: pos: M.P. pus “boy, son”; zem: O.P. zam “the earth”; homin “season of collecting dates from palms”: M.P. h?m?n “summer”; jemal “twin”: M.P. jam from Avestan yima- “Jam(shid)”; kaftan: M.P. kaftan “to fall”;yevâr: M.P. ?v?r “afternoon”. 5- CONCLUSION The most important characteristics of this dialect, especially in comparison with Persian, are as follow: - Mohammadi dialect possesses the phonemes xw, gw, ie and ue which does not appear in Persian. - The plural morpheme -hâ and the progressive affix mi- are not used in this dialect. - The inflection of past transitive verbs is the remainder of ergative forms in Middle Persian. - Some of derivational affixes used in Mohammadi are not seen in Persian. - Some Old and Middle Iranian words which are forgotten in Persian, has been remained in this dialect.