بررسي و تحليل جملات بيان كننده درد در زبان فارسي با استفاده از مدل هليدي

Studying and Analyzing Sentences Describing Pain in Persian According to Hallidayʹʹs Model

درد پديده اي است كه انسان ها در طول زندگي خود آن را تجربه مي كنند. با توجه به اين كه معمولاً زبان به عنوان مهم ترين ابزار ارتباطي از سوي شخص مبتلا به درد براي آگاه-سازي و انتقال آن به پزشك به كار مي رود، اهميت سخنان بيمار و بررسي زباني جملات بيان كننده درد آشكار است. در مقاله حاضر، پس از معرفي مختصر موضوع و پيشينه تلاش هاي انجام شده مرتبط، الگوي هليدي در تحليل زبان درد به عنوان بنيان نظري تحليل تشريح مي شود كه در آن بيان و توصيف درد در يكي از سه قالب فرايندي، اسمي يا صفتي جاي گرفته است. سپس داده هايي از زبان فارسي كه از مكالمه هاي انجام شده بين 80 بيمار با يكي از پزشكان در شهر مشهد جمع آوري شده است بر اساس شيوه ذكر شده بررسي و تحليل مي شود. آمار به دست آمده از تحليل نشان مي دهد كه برخي از فرايندهاي معرفي شده براي بيان درد از سوي بيماران فارسي زبان استفاده نمي شوند و ديگر اين كه در داده هاي زبان فارسي ساختار چهارم يعني استفاده از گروه قيدي براي بيان و توصيف درد مشاهده مي شود.

1- INTRODUCTION Pain is not only dependent on the activation of nociceptors, but also psychological, mental and even cultural factors may be involved in its emergence or the way it is expressed. For instance, in a cultural comparison between Irish and Italian people, it was reported that Italians are more extravert than Irish people when describing their pains. It seems that using language especially verbal communication is among the most effective ways to describe pain. Hence, analyzing patientsʹ account of pain to physicians can provide better insight into the matter. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK According to Halliday (1998), when a sufferer is going to describe pain, s/he can choose from various linguistic forms. Halliday introduces these different patterns as a process using a verb, a phenomenon using a noun phrase or a quality using an adjective phrase to express the main information about the pain. Describing pain through a process means that the sufferer uses a verb as the most pain revealing part of the sentence like: My knee hurts/ aches. Processes are divided into material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioral and existential ones. The next pattern introduced is using a noun phrase as the most informative part of the sentence about the pain. For example: Iʹve got a headache. The third way to describe the pain is using an adjective phrase to convey the information of pain by like: My throat feels sore. 3- METHODOLOGY In this paper, the utterances of 80 Persian patients were tape recorded while describing pain to a physician at a health clinic in Mashhad and the descriptions were then transcribed and analyzed. 56 of the patients were male and 24 were female and so, 70% of the participants include men and 30% women. Leaving out the unrelated sentences including greetings, farewells and compliments, 460 sentences were extracted out of the recorded material which were directly involved in pain description. These sentences were analyzed based on the model presented by Halliday (1998). 4- - DISCUSSION Analyzing the data shows that the patterns proposed by Halliday (1998) namely pain description via processes, noun phrases and adjective phrases can be applied in Persian. In addition, a fourth pattern is observed in the data in which an adverb phrase is used to bear the most informative part about the pain like: /?emam tar mibine/ My eyes unclearly Sees in which the Persian adverb "tar" meaning "unclearly" describes the kind of suffering. Although the frequency of this pattern is very low in the data, it seems this can be introduced as another way to describe pain in Persian. 5- CONCLUSION According to the data analyzed in this research, pain in Persian can be described through a material, mental or behavioral process, a noun phrase, an adjective phrase or an adverb phrase. A new question which arises here is whether pain description is a function of such variables as gender or synchronous or asynchronous suffering and describing the pain. Since the ultimate goal of this paper and other related studies is to find a practical way to help physicians understand and recognize their patientsʹ pain more accurately, it is suggested linguists find more reliable and dependable methods based on linguistic aspects of utterances made by patients while talking about their pains so that they can be applied in medical diagnosis in medicine.