چكيده لاتين :
1-Introduction
National anthems, known as texts based on symbolic approaches and as the center of national attention, have always been significant and in demand of investigation. National Anthem is the national symbols of each country representing its thoughts and inspirations to the world and also it is expected to unite people within a nation.
2-Theoretical Framework
This research is intended to study the national anthem from a linguistic perspective, employing Laclau and Mouffe’s model along with Van Dijk’s approach, through a number of linguistic tools.
3-Methodology
This research is trying to answer the following questions: What are the nodal points of each country’s national anthem? What is the relationship between the level of development in country and the concepts embodied in their national anthems? What are the similarities and differences found in the national anthems of the countries under investigation from a linguistic discourse perspective? To this end, the national anthems of 114 countries chosen from 5 continents of the world were reviewed. With regard to the development criteria, the countries were classified into three categories: Developed, developing and least developed countries.
4-Results & Discussion
In the national anthems of developed countries, the nodal points related to the concepts of war, praying, freedom, futurism, retrospection, and nature description have the highest frequency. In the national anthems of the developing countries, the nodal points of the war, freedom, futurism, retrospection, unity, peace and reconciliation, and nature description are the most widely used ones. Finally, in the national anthems of the least developed countries, the nodal points related to war, freedom, futurism, unity, peace and reconciliation, retrospection, and praying have the highest frequency.
5-Conclusion & Suggestions
The findings based on linguistic discourse analysis indicate that present time is used significantly more than past and the future. 33% of the countries emphasized on the polarity opposition of "Us" versus "Them", and the remaining 67% only praise themselves and believe in theirs, not against. The rate use of this opposition of the national anthems of the three groups of countries was not significantly different. In this study, 93% of countries have used more positive words (euphemism) than negative words (dysphemism) in their national anthems, while the numbers reported for the developed and developing countries are 11% and 6% for using negative words (dysphemism) more than positive words (euphemism) respectively. However, in the national anthems of the least developed countries, the use of positive words (euphemism) is greater than the negative words (dysphemism).
Key Words: National anthems, Nodal point, Us versus Them, Positive-negative words, Developmental procedure.
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