راهيابي گنبدخانه به مساجد ايران، روايتي از گسست و پيوست فضا

The Addition of Dome Chamber To Iranian Mosques,The Story Of Joining And Separating Of Space

چهارطاق يا گنبدخانه از دوره ساساني همواره در معماري ايران، نقشي پررنگ ايفا نموده است؛ به طوريكه پس از ورود اسلام نيز با وجود رواج مساجد شبستاني، به طور كامل كنار گذاشته نشده و به حيات خود ادامه مي‌دهد. با اين وجود، راهيابي تمام عيار گنبدخانه به مساجد ايران، در عصر سلجوقي صورت مي‌گيرد. معماران ايراني در سده پنجم، گنبدخانه را در قلب مسجد شبستاني جاي داده و با استقرار ايوان ها در چهار سوي حياط، مسجد چهار ايواني را به عنوان الگوي رايج در ادوار بعدي شكل مي‌دهند. البته اين دستاورد، گسست فضاي يكپارچه مسجد شبستاني و بروز برخي تعارضات كاركردي را نيز به همراه دارد؛ كه سير تكامل مسجد در دوران هاي بعد، تا حدود زيادي معطوف به حل آن مي باشد. اين مقاله مي كوشد پس از تبيين چگونگي راهيابي گنبدخانه به مساجد ايران به روش تفسير تاريخي، با تطبيق و تحليل نمونه‌هايي از دوران سلجوقي تا قاجار، نشان دهد كه چگونه معماران، علي رغم برخي دشواري هاي پيش آمده، سرسختانه كهن الگوي گنبدخانه را حفظ نموده و موفق مي شوند از طريق ابداعات سازه‌اي و هندسي، گسست پديدآمده را برطرف نموده و ضمن معرفي الگوي ايراني مسجد، به يك دستگاه فضايي يكپارچه و متنوع دست مي يابند.

There are some evidences on Elamite seals that show Iranian people had enough knowledge to construct small dome on cylindrical spaces Like Silo in the third millennium BC. But the foundations of large dome over square spaces were formed in the Parthian period. Bazeh-Hur dome chamber with the corners of wood in Khorasan province is the most ancient dome from the Sasanian dynasty. Since the Sasanian period, the dome chambers have played an important role in the Persian architecture. Despite of the popularity of simple Arabic Mosques in the Islamic period, the dome chambers never been completely abandoned. Yazdkhast mosque from the early centuries of Islamic period is an example of this continuity. However, full-blown addition of the dome chamber to the mosque is done in the Seljuk dynasty era. Iranian architects in the first of the 11th century placed the Dome chamber in the heart of the Jame- mosque of Isfahan. They formed four-Iwan mosque as a common type, by putting Iwan in the four sides of the courtyard. During the period they add dome chambers to mosques in two main ways: 1. Addition of dome chamber to existing mosques by removing some cells in south prayer hall, such as Jame- mosque of Isfahan. 2. Constructing dome chambers as a basic core of the mosque and developing them in later periods by adding prayer halls, Iwan and courtyards, such as Jame-mosque of Boroojerd and Golpaygan. However, this achievement caused breaking the unified space of mosque and some functional conflicts. Developing of mosque in later periods focused on solving the problem. Generally, absorbing dome chamber in mosque plan was done in two ways: 3. Opening the surrounding walls: In this way architects tried to facilitate circulation by opening the surrounding walls, while maintaining the classical form of the dome chamber. The best example is Rahimkhan mosque from 19th century, in this case, the architects removed the lateral walls and the dome Chamber is positioned just on four stone columns. 4. Geometric expanse of the dome chamber: The Second way that cause fundamental change in the plan of dome chamber was Geometric expanse to the surrounding spaces. In these cases, separating of the dome chamber area from the prayer hall is hard. Mirchakhmagh mosque from the Timurid period is one of the first mosques that can be categorized in this type. The cruciform plan of the mosque extends the dome chamberʹs space to four sides and makes the boundaries blurred. In this case the dome chamberʹs space becomes dynamic for the first time. Through geometric and structural innovations, Iranian architects have succeeded to achieve a diverse and unified space and also introduced the Iranian type of the mosque.The findings of the research show that the spatial organization of Iranian mosques has been continuously under developing in spite of maintaining some principles. Iranian architects through getting out of the boundary of Arabic mosque and their attempting to solve the problem, open a new way for the next innovations and present variations of spatial composition.