بررسي نقش حكومت، مردم و معماران در پيدايش كوي‌هاي مسكوني كوتاه‌مرتبه تهران در دوره پهلوي دوم

Studying Roles of Government, Public, and Architects in Emersion of Low-rise Housing Complexes During the Second Pahlavi Period

عرصه‌هاي سياسي، اجتماعي و اقتصادي ايران شاهد تحوّلات وسيعي در دوران پهلوي بودند. اين تحوّلات، اثرات فرهنگي، جمعيّتي و كالبدي وسيعي بر جاي گذاشتند. در اين دوره، تمركزگرايي، مهاجرت و سياست‌هاي توسعه موجب رشد فزآينده جمعيّت تهران شدند و به اين ترتيب كمبود مسكن و گراني زمين در پايتخت پديد آمد. در چنين شرايطي، كوي‌هاي مسكوني متعدّدي با بهره‌گيري از اصول معماري و شهرسازي نوين در اطراف تهران ساخته شدند كه پيش از اين سابقه نداشتند. با اين وصف اين پژوهش بر آن است كه مشخّص نمايد چه عواملي منجر به شكل‌گيري اين رهيافت تازه شدند؟ آيا براي پاسخ به اين پرسش بررسي تحوّلات معماري اين دوران كفايت مي‌كند؟ در انجام اين پژوهش از روش تحقيق تفسيري- تاريخي استفاده گرديد و با بررسي نقش احتمالي حاميان و مخاطبان كوي‌ها، حكومت، مردم و معماران اضلاع نقش‌آفرين در پيدايش اين رهيافت دانسته شده، نقش آنها در پيدايش و پذيرش اين كوي‌ها مورد كاوش قرار گرفت. مشخّص گرديد كه نوگرايي در دوران پهلوي خصوصيت مشترك و علّت همسويي اراده اين سه عامل در مسير پيدايش اين كوي‌‌ها ‌است و در رسيدن به پاسخ نقشي كليدي ايفا مي‌كند. اين مطالعه نشان داد كه همگرايي حكومت، مردم و معماران در يك تحوّل معماري ضروري است.

Political, social, and economic spheres of Iran underwent extensive changes during the Pahlavi period. These evolutions brought about far-reaching cultural, population, and physical effects. In this period, centralization, immigration, and development policies led to an increasing growth in the population of Tehran and consequently housing emerged in the capital. While the small-scale constructions were not sufficient to resolve the problem, several unprecedented low-rise housing complexes called “Kooy”s were built in Tehran’s suburbs based on the principles of modern urbanization during 1940s-1970s AD (1320s-1350s SH). Characteristics such as project-based housing complex building, applying the principles of modern urbanization, new building patterns, and relying upon new ways of dwelling were seen in these complexes. Thus, this research aims to identify factors that led to the development of such new approach. Is just studying the evolutions of architecture during this period sufficient for answering this question? This question directs the research towards an analysis of the potential role of the advocates and users of these complexes. Thus government, public, and architects have been considered as the factors which contributed to the emersion of this approach, their roles in the emersion and acceptance of that have been explored. The study revealed that modernism in the Pahlavi period was the common feature and cause of alignment of these three factors in the course of the development of this approach. Undertaking the task of alimentation and modernization by the Pahlavi modernist government engendered a new middle class, promoted a new lifestyle amongst people, engaged the government in the arena of housing and its espousal of modern architecture, and opened the way for emersion and reception of “Kooy”s. Furthermore, the spread of modernism among the public through changing their taste led to the acceptance of modern lifestyle and consequently of modern architecture. In addition, the arena of architecture through its new functions as well as the new architectural taste of the public has opened the way for a new architecture and its modernist architects designed new housing complexes by adopting western housing patterns. In these complexes, a wide range of Houses and Low-rise apartments were built. Residential units were simple or complex according to users’ needs and gradually moved away from traditional building patterns towards modern ones. Over time, the tendency to apartment building in these complexes increased and some apartment units were added to former complexes. For building these units, new methods of construction such as prefabrication were used. Hence, these complexes promoted a mass of symbols of modern architecture in the housing arena and were laid as a basis for building medium and high Rise complexes in following periods. This process occurred gradually as government, society, and architects were getting prepared, and as a result, an architectural style was created which had been learnt by modern architects, supported by government and regarded as an updated product by public. The study showed that a common will and convergence of government, public, and architects is necessary in order that a large-scale architectural evolution to take place