تحليل فضايي شبكه شهري منطقه خراسان(1390-1335)

Spatial Analysis of Khorasan Urban Network (1956- 2011)

اهداف: دو هدفي كه اين پژوهش در پي دست يابي به آن ها است، عبارت اند از: 1. بررسي و تحليل روند تغييرات شبكه شهري منطقه خراسان طي سرشماري هاي 1335 تا 1390 با استفاده از شاخص هاي كمي و تبيين عوامل موثر بر اين تغييرات؛ 2. بررسي ميزان همبستگي ميان نتايج به دست آمده، از بكارگيري شاخص هاي رايج در اين زمينه در شبكه شهري منطقه خراسان. روش: روش پژوهش، توصيفي- تحليلي بوده است و براي گردآوري داده ها از روش اسنادي- كتابخانه اي استفاده شده است. براي تجزيه و تحليل اطلاعات در اين پژوهش از 11 شاخص، در قالب سه دسته شاخص هاي نخست شهري، تمركز و تعادل، همچنين از مدل مكان مركزي كريستالر و الگوي پراكنش سكونتگاه هاي شهري (شاخص نزديكترين همسايگي) استفاده شده است. يافته ها/ نتايج: يافته هاي پژوهش نشان دهنده آن است كه شبكه شهري منطقه خراسان در تمامي سرشماري هاي 1390- 1335 نامتعادل بوده است. البته لازم به ذكر است كه نامتعادل ترين وضعيت شبكه شهري منطقه خراسان مربوط به سرشماري سال 1365 است، همچنين يافته هاي پژوهش نشان مي دهند كه نتايج به دست آمده از شاخص هاي به كار-گرفته شده در شبكه شهري منطقه خراسان، با يكديگر هماهنگ نيستند.. نتيجه گيري: اصلاحات ارضي، افزايش درآمد هاي حاصل از فروش نفت در دهه 1355- 1345 و سرمايه گذاري در نواحي شهري، حوادث كشور افغانستان، وجود امكانات و فرصت هاي شغلي و امكان تامين اقتصادي در شهر مشهد، و... عواملي است كه بر نامتعادل شدن شبكه شهري منطقهخراسان موثر بوده است، همچنين بايد بيان كرد كه گر چه در دهه‌‌هاي اخير در برنامه‌‌هاي دوم، سوم و چهارم توسعه اقتصادي، اجتماعي و فرهنگي كشور در خصوص تمركز دايي از ساختار مناطق از جمله منطقه خراسان تاكيد-هايي صورت گرفته است؛ اما فعاليت‌ ها و اقداماتي متناسب با برنامه ‌ها در شبكه شهري منطقه خراسان انجام نشده است.

1. INTRODUCTION Up to the beginning of this century, Iran had a relatively balanced urban network but with the rule of political economy of oil and land reforms (1962 to 1972), huge rural -urban migration was instigated, leading to instability and heterogeneity of Iranʹs urban network. The creation of large population centers that absorb most of services, productions and infrastructures in some parts of Iran has led to the attraction of new population, exacerbation of the distance between these centers and their surroundings and intensification of unevenness trend. Khorasan province, which constitutes about 14.6 percent of the total area and 10.01 percent of the total population of the country, is faced with nonequivalence and heterogeneity like other urban network of the country so that Mashhad (the largest city in this province) contains about 53.6 percent of the total urban population and 36.54 percent of the total population in Khorasan province. This research tends to study the changes of Khorasanʹs urban network in the period between 1956 and 2011 census, explaining the factors affecting these changes. Also, it seeks to study the correlation between the various results obtained from common indicators in Khorasan’s urban network. 2. METHODOLOGY Adopting a descriptive – analytical approach, this paper uses document analysis and library methods for data gathering. In this research, 11 indicators in form of three groups of the primate city, concentration and equivalence, as well as Crictallerʹs central place theory and the diffusion pattern of urban settlements (the nearest neighborhood technique) have been used for data analysis. 3. DISCUSSION The study of 11 indicators in Khorasan urban network indicates that nonequivalence in Khorasan urban system was rampant in all censuses. Nevertheless, this nonequivalent peaked in 1986 census. The study of indicators in Khorasan urban network indicates that the results are not consistent. That is, while some indicators show that the spatial distribution of population in urban network is becoming more equivalent, others show a tendency toward nonequivalence. The use of diffusion pattern of urban settlements (the nearest neighborhood technique) showed that the distribution of cities in Khorasan province was accidental (without previous planning) and cities had been distributed uneventfully in form of clusters. The use of modified Cristallerʹs model in Khorasan urban network showed that only cities in the fourth class (the second, third and fourth cities in the area) had insufficient population whereas other cities faced a surplus of population 5. CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS Although the indicators showed a different trend for Khorasan urban network, they all confirmed the existence of the primate city, concentration and nonequivalence in the urban network of Khorasan province. It should be noted that these indicators demonstrate that the trend of change in recent years is moving toward equivalence. Land reforms, the rise of revenues gained by selling oil in 1976s, investment in urban areas, Islamic Revolution and enormous advantages given to the low-income and the disadvantaged in the first years of Islamic Revolution led to rural-urban migration especially to cities like Mashhad. Developments in Afghanistan and the changes of its political system, which was accompanied with the entry of Soviet troops into this country, provoked the invasion of groups of migrants to the northeastern border of Iran. Internal migration, which was mainly sparked by the existence of facilities and job opportunities as well as religious beliefs and the eight-year war of Iran and Iraq that fueled internal migration from west to the east of country are the factors contributing to nonequivalence of the Khorasan province. According to the results, the following strategic recommendations can be suggested for the urban network of Khorasan province: 1- Implementing the policy of continuous decentralization and enforcing the obligation to respect regional planning plans in decisions makings and measures in all cities of the region; 2- Implementing decentralization policy in the center of region and the strengthening medium-sized cities especially Sabzevar, Neyshabur, Bojnord and Birjand; 3- Empowering small cities with a view toward rural space management to direct the rural-urban migrations to these cities, prevent the huge migrations stimulated by agriculture development and investing plans on rural infrastructures, identify required services in rural communities and design the system of servicing based on networks; 4- Strengthening and improving transport communications and providing access to the medium-sized and small cities in the region.