تحليل چالش هاي زيست محيطي نواحي روستايي با تاكيد بر زباله هاي جامد (مطالعه موردي: شهرستان هاي انزلي،رشت و رودبار)

Analysis of the Environmental Challenges of Rural Areas in Guilan Province with Emphasis on Solid Waste (Case Study: Bandar Anzali, Rasht and Roudbar)

هدف: هدف از پژوهش حاضر، شناسايي مهم ترين چالش هاي زيست محيطي نواحي روستايي در محدوده شهرستان هاي انزلي، رشت و رودبار و تاثير الگوهاي مصرف جامعه روستايي و توسعه گردشگري بر افزايش آلودگي هاي زيست محيطي ناحيه مي باشد كه تحليل اين وضعيت، به ارايه راهكارهاي لازم براي تعديل آلودگي ها و بهبود زيرساخت هاي محيطي در ناحيه منتهي شود. روش: پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصيفي- تحليلي مي باشد. جامعه آماري تحقيق شامل 486 روستا در قالب 3 شهرستان رشت، بندر انزلي و رودبار است. در جمع آوري داده ها، ضمن بهره گيري از منابع اسنادي، از «پرسشنامه روستا» نيز بهره گرفته شده است. مع آوري اطلاعات از 196روستا –به عنوان نمونه و براساس جدول استاندارد مورگان- انجام شده است. روش نمونه گيري از نوع خوشه اي مي باشدو توزيع آن در روستاهاي ناحيه به گونه اي انجام شده است كه هم پوشي كامل براساس توزيع شهرستاني از يك سو، و توزيع جغرافيايي (بر اساس ارتفاع) از سوي ديگر به انجام برسد. يافته ها: نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داد كه سالانه به طور متوسط، در كل ناحيه مطالعاتي، 111 تن زباله توليد مي شود كه 65 درصد جمع آوري و مابقي به شيوه هايي همچون سوزاندن، رهاسازي و نيز دفن كردن، مديريت مي شوند. در تركيب زباله هاي ناحيه، 4/64 درصد پلاستيك و نايلون، و 5/16 درصد كاغذ، چرم، پلاستيك، شيشه و فلزات (پسماند قابل بازيافت) وجود دارد كه مي توان از طريق سياست هاي تشويقي و انگيزش مشاركتي (تفكيك از مبدا) از تهديد موجود، يك فرصت اقتصادي و زيست محيطي ساخت. راهكارهاي عملي: با توجه به يافتههاي پژوهش، راهكارهايي چون برگزاري كارگاه هاي آموزشي تفكيك زباله از مبدا، تشكيل تيم هاي مشاركتي در روستاها براي ايجاد و توسعه فرهنگ بازيافت و بازديد اقشار مردم به خصوص كشاورزان، باغداران و صاحبان غذاخوري ها از نحوه توليد كمپوست و ارايه اموزش به مردم در جهت تبديل زباله هاي تر خانگي به كمپوست پيشنهاد شده است. اصالت و ارزش: همگام با تغييرات اقتصادي-اجتماعي نواحي روستايي، شيوه زندگي و بالطبع الگوي مصرف در اين نواحي، دچار دگرگوني اساسي شده و محيط روستا نيز شاهد انواع آلودگي ها شده است. در اين راستا، تحليل و حل مشكلات زيست محيطي روستاها از الويت هاي برنامه ريزي اين نواحي به شمار مي رود تا از اين طريق، روستاها بتوانند در راستاي كاركردهاي متنوع خود به محلي امن و با شاخص هاي زيست محيطي مناسب تغيير كنند و در نتيجه آن، ضريب بقا و ماندگاري جمعيت افزايش يابد.

Extended Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION Changes in infrastructure and natural ecosystems infection among rural communities is an example of recent developments. Perhaps the consumption patterns of urban development and the influx of some sources of pollution in the vicinity of villages and rural areas, environmental pollution, changing consumption patterns has provided the countryʹs villages. In the meantime, one of the front lines of the relationship between man and the environment in rural communities, attitude and their approach to environmental features and capabilities will be around. It must be acknowledged that the human relationship with the natural environment in villages is from different cities. Rural livelihoods have a strong bond with nature. In addition, the formation of the built environment in the countryside, in the context of rural residential units are clearly influenced by their natural environment. This confirms the undeniable sensitivity and importance of the environment and designed to achieve sustainable and comprehensive development of villages. So, the present study is designed to answer the following questions: •what is the place of producing waste and lack of waste regulation in most important environmental challenges of rural areas? •what is the role of environmental pollution, changes in consumption patterns and the effects of the lack of rural tourism in the area under study? • To what extent public participation and education are effective in organizing waste in the studied area? 2. THEORETICAL Framework Today, besides the economic problems which made the most pressure in rural and agricultural parts of society, uncontrolled exploitation and destruction of the environment in rural areas which have direct exposure to natural areas are the most important problems in Iran that despite the sensitivity of continuing the issue dealing with the environment around us today is not well understood and analyzed. As the result of two reasons the villages are facing new conditions that their environment is full of pollution. First, because they are in transition from tradition to modernity, and in this way their life style and consumption patterns differ from the past and waste production in these areas is considered normal. On the other hand, expanding wave of tourism by producing large amounts of solid waste add to the hardships of the environment in these areas. 3. METHODOLOGY This study is descriptive-analytic in nature. To do this analysis, common methods of data collection (both documentary and field) were used. In addition to documentary resources, (especially in developing the theoretical foundations of research and explaining the situation) field methods were also used to collect data. The field studies (from rural areas) were based on observations and interviews with local managers. The population consisted of 486 villages in the three cities of Bandar Anzali, Rasht and Roodbar. To collect data, 196 area managers (for example based on the standard table of Morgan) filled in the questionnaires. Cluster sampling was applied, too. 4. DISCUSSION Documentary and field studies showed that "the lack of surface water and sewage collection network," was the most important challenge of life in rural areas and "waste and lack of proper regulation of waste were in the third rank of environmental issues is the area of study. Based on the results of studies in the rural area, about 111 tons of waste is produced every day. Based on the components of the waste produced in the villages, 80.9 per cent can be recovered. Based on field studies of this research, 57 percent of the villages in the study use "house to house gathering" procedure. Burning the waste is prevalent in 33.3 percent of all villages of this area. The field studies of this research have revealed that in 87.5 percent of the sample a crisi called waste has been introduced. This study knows waste production to be related to population (69%) and the change of consumption pattern (87%).Of course, in connection with the organization of waste according to survey, the role of "public participation", "propaganda and education" and "Management are with 49.26% and 25%, respectively. Despite the complexity of the problem of waste management in rural areas, rural managers believe that environmental quality is not critical and even 86.8 of the environmental situation in rural areas is better than the last ten years. 5. CONCLUSION The results of these indicators suggest a close score of cities and homogeneity of the cities in the enjoyment of rural housing indicators. So that based on cluster analysis, more than half of the province of West Azerbaijan in the field of utilization of rural housing indices are in good condition and the remaining cities are located in the middle and low-middle ranks. Therefore, to establish a regional balance and moving towards sustainable development, it is necessary to look at the development of housing policies, particularly in sparsely populated rural areas and settlements that are isolated and marginalized; otherwise disparities are seen more and more and villages will be subsequently discharged. Today the villages next to the main towns, are the areas of biological-environmental challenges which totally changed the landscape of these areas. The results showed that environmental problems in rural areas in the study area are not the same due to geographical conditions and their performance, but the production of waste, particularly household waste is common damage to all villages in the area. And, the lack of regulation caused54 villages of the area to be in critical situation. Therefore, it is necessary to make an economic and environmental chance from the present threat by establishing waste separation workshops, forminga cooperative group and individual training in rural areas to develop recycling culture, and incentive policies Partnership (source separation).