جريان‌شناسي زهد در تصوف اسلامي و بازتاب آن در شعر و انديشه حافظ

Understanding Zuhd (Asceticism) in Islamic Mysticism and Its Reflection in Hafiz’s Poetry and Thought

انديشه هاي زاهدانه و رياضت طلبانه، ازجمله موضوعاتي هستند كه از ديرباز ذهن و ادراك پاره اي از آدميان را به خود مشغول داشته و در عالي ترين صورت، عملي جهت پالايش و رهايي از قيود و تمنّيات نفساني به حساب آمده اند. چنين انديشه-هايي علاوه بر اديان كهن و اساطيري، در ميان اديان سه گانه ابراهيمي نيز نمودهاي واضح و روشني برجاي گذارده اند: فَريسيان در آيين يهود، عرفاي عزلت‌طلب و رُهبان در آيين مسيح و زاهدان در آيين اسلام. يكي از مهم ترين وجوهپالايش جسم و روح درتصوف اسلامي، زهدورزيدن و تركتعلقاتنفساني و مادي است، به همين دليل مي توان زهد را يكي از وجوه اصلي در چارچوب نظري- عمليِ تصوف اسلامي به حساب آورد؛ ازديگرسو، حافظ به‌عنوان يكي از اركان شعر فارسي و سرآمدان عرفان ناب اسلامي- ايراني، در سروده هاي خويش نگاه ويژه و قابل اعتنايي به زهد و زهد ورزان دارد. مقاله حاضر با استقصاي جوانب مختلف موضوع، ضمن پرداختن به بنيان هاي نظري زهد در تصوف اسلامي و جريان هاي اصلي آن (جريان زهد مثبت و جريان زهد منفي) كوششي است جهت بررسي «زهد در تصوف اسلامي» و بازتابي از «نگاه ويژه حافظ را در بابزهد و زاهدان»، ارايه مي دهد.

Austerity and ascetic thought are among the subjects occupying the minds of a number of people and becoming a serious intellectual preoccupation for them from the early years after the formation of human societies. In its ultimate form, austerity and piety are practiced to refine human mind and free him from the boundaries of material whims and wishes. Such contemplations have had their manifestations among the three monotheistic religions in addition to the ancient and mythical faiths: Frisian in Judaism, monastic mystics and monachism in Christianity and hermits in Islam. In Islamic Sufism, living an ascetic life and leaving whimsical and material belongingness are major prerequisites for purification of body and mind. This is why Zuhd can be counted as one of the main aspects of spiritual journey in theoretical and practical framework of Islamic Sufism. On the other hand, Hafiz, the renowned poet and theosophist of the 8th H. century, has paid a special attention to asceticism and ascetic life as a pillar of Persian poetry and as a master of pure Islamic-Iranian mysticism. This paper has made a thorough study of the subject from various aspects and while reviewing the theoretical foundations of asceticism in Islamic Sufism and its mainstream reflections (positive and negative asceticism) has tried to be a new work in studying “asceticism in Islamic Sufism” and present a reflection of “Hafiz’s special attitude toward asceticism and those living an ascetic life”. In conclusion, the most important findings of the paper can be highlighted as the following: • Islamic Sufism, as one of the most important epistemological movements in the realm of Islam, has adopted and emphasized on two distinguished approaches toward asceticism in the course of history: asceticism based on piety and objection (positive aspect) and asceticism based on extremist monachism and renunciation from the world (negative aspect). • Hafiz, as an important pillar of Persian literature, has allocated an important part of his art and thought to fight against hypocrisy and religiosity of blue-clad and mammonist Sufis.