اختيارات حكومت در مجازات گنهكاران

The Realm of Government to Punish the Guilty

قلمرو اختيارات حكومت در اينكه حق دارد براي هر فعل يا ترك‌فعلي كه در شريعت گناه شمرده شده است، مجازات تعيين و گنهكار را مجازات كند يا خير، موضوع اين مقاله است. ابتدا به بيان رابطه «جرم» و «گناه» پرداخته شده و سپس دلايل ديدگاه‌هاي ششگانه‌اي كه در متون فقهي وجود دارد، بررسي شده و نتيجه گرفته شده كه تنها برخي از گناهان داراي مجازات دنيوي هستند، نه همه گناهان؛ از اين‌رو، تنها برخي از گناهان جرم شمرده مي‌شوند كه حكومت حق دخالت و مجازات مرتكبان آنها را دارد. افزون بر گناهاني كه در شرع براي آنها حد يا تعزير مشخص شده است، تنها گناهاني كه جنبه عمومي دارند و نظم، نظام و امنيت اجتماعي را تهديد مي‌كنند، داراي مجازات دنيوي هستند و حكومت به‌عنوان ضامن اجراي آن دخالت مي‌كند. اما گناهاني كه جنبه شخصي دارند و در شرع براي آنها حد يا تعزيري معين نشده است، داراي مجازات دنيوي نيستند و حكومت حق دخالت و مجازات گنهكاران را ندارد.

This research paper is focused on the realm of government authority to explain whether the government can determine the punishment for doing certain act or the failure to perform it, the one which is considered as sin in Islamic Law (Sharia). First, it articulates the relationship between "crime" and "sin" and then arguments for six views that exist in texts concerning Islamic jurisprudence are examined. The results obtained via this study show that only some, but not all, of the sins have worldly punishment. Hence, only some sins are considered as crime and the government has the right to intervene and punish their perpetrators. In addition to the sins which their punishments are determined as Hadd (ordained punishments) or Ta?zir (punishments determined by jurists and judges),only those sins which have public aspects and threaten the established order, system and social security can be subject to worldly punishment and the government could intervene as a guarantor of its implementation. But the sins which have personal aspects and the Islamic Law (Sharia) has not determined any Hadd or ta?zir in these cases are specified with no worldly punishment and the government has no right to intervene and punish the guilty.