تأثير كاربرد ويناس و افزودني نيتروژن و فسفر بر رشد و عملكرد گياه گوجه‌فرنگي

The Effects of Application Vinasseand additive nitrogen and phosphorus on Growth and Yield of Tomato

به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر كاربرد ویناس بر رشد و عملكرد گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی رقم سوپراوربانا، آزمایشی در بهار سال 1386 به‌صورت گلدانی در گلخانه دانشكده كشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان اجرا شد. به‌منظور انجام این تحقیق آزمایشی با 24 تیمار و در سه تكرار به‌صورت فاكتوریل بر پایه طرح كاملاً تصادفی طراحی گردید. در این آزمایش از ویناس چغندرقند با سه غلظت مختلف شامل غلظت¬های 40 (C1)،20(C2) و 10 (C3) (میلی¬گرم بر لیتر) بار رقیق شده آن استفاده شد. به هر یك از این غلظت¬ها، افزودنی¬های فسفر، نیتروژن و فسفر + نیتروژن اضافه گردید. مقدار نیتروژن و فسفر اضافه شده به ترتیب 224 و 62 میلی¬گرم در لیتر بود. پس از پایان دوره رشد، عملكرد میوه، ماده خشك، وزن خشك ریشه و اندام هوایی و ارتفاع بوته گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی اندازه¬گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد كه با افزودن فسفر به ویناس، عملكرد و ارتفاع گیاه افزایش می¬یابد. افزودن فسفر + نیتروژن موجب افزایش درصد ماده خشك میوه، وزن خشك ریشه و اندام هوایی و همچنین افزودن نیتروژن به ویناس موجب كاهش عملكرد و ارتفاع گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی گردید.

Introduction:Vinasse is a byproduct of the sugar industry. Sugarcane or Sugarbeet is processed to produce crystallinesugar, pulp and molasses. The latter isfurther processed by fermentation to ethanol, ascorbicacid or other products. After the removal of the desired product (alcohol, ascorbicacid, etc.) the remaining material is called vinasse. Vinasse is sold after a partial dehydration and usually has a viscositycomparable to molasses. Commercially offered vinasse comes either from sugarcaneand is called cane-vinasse or from sugarbeet and is called beet-vinasse. On average, for each liter of vinasse, 12 liters alcohol produced. Vinasse is a material with dark brown color and the smell of burned sugar, which is rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen. Materials and Methods:To determine the effect of vinasse and additive nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of tomato, a factorial pot experiment was conducted at ZanjanUniversity in 2008. Two different plant nutrient including N and P and their combination (N+P) were added to vinasse with three different concentrations to form experimental treatments. In addition to these treatments, three control treatments with vinasse of different concentrations, but with no additive were also included in the experiment. Each treatment used with two different application methods (soil application and soil + foliar application).The experiment had 24 treatments, a complete randomized design and three replications. The vinasse used in this experiment was diluted with water 10, 20 and 40 times to make a nutrient solution of three different concentrations of tomato plant. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus that were added to vinasse were 224 and 62 mg/l, respectively. Phosphorus and nitrogen were applied to as super-phosphate triple and calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate respectively. After being deployed to ensure complete installation of tomatoes in pots containing perlite (about 2 weeks after the transfer of seedlings tothe pots) treatments wereapplied to the pots. It should be noted that initially, three tomato seedlingswere planted in each pot at later stage after the plants were thinned to one plant per pot.Five months later after planting seedlings, fruits were picked and measured separately. At the end of the growth period, fruit yield, leaf and some quality characteristicsof fruit were measured. Results Discussion: The results showed that the effects of vinasse concentrations on fruit yield, dry matter content of fruit, dry weight of root and plant height were significant at p <0.01 level. Dry matter content of fruit and dry weight of root increased,butfruit yield, and dry weightdecreased as the concentration of vinasse increased. The effects of additive type were also significant on the mentioned parameters. Addition of P to vinasse increased the fruit yield and plant height. The addition of P + N to vinasse increased dry matter content of fruit and dry weight of root. However, the addition of nitrogen to vinasse decreased the fruit yield and plant height. It seems that increasing concentration of vinasse increasedconcentration of soluble salt. In general, increasing the soil salinity due to osmotic pressure of plant root increased in the surrounding environment of roots and water availability decreased, and plantsneed to absorb enough water and nutrients to increase their roots. Under such conditions, plantsprefer theirrootsto grow more than normal conditions, and thusroot dry weight would increase. Significant decrease ofdry weight observed with increasingsalinity levels (resulting from increasingconcentrations of vinasse)that may be due to reduction in leaf-level photosynthesis and stomatalconductance, sodium and chlorine accumulation in organs and destroyof the chloroplast structure.Salinity affects ionic balance, nutrition uptake and plant growth. Reduction of yield with increased vinasse may be due to the negative effects of salinity on the number and weight of tomato fruits. Conclusion:When the plant was imported to reproductive growth, salinity can create disorder in many specific processes to ensure the highest performance. By increasing the concentration of vinasse, dry matter and root dry weight of tomato plantssignificantly increased. Additive P+N, resulted in increasing the percentage of fruit dry matter, dry weight of root and dry biomass. Adding nitrogen decreased yield and plant height, but adding phosphorus increased yield and plant height.