عكس: چالش دلالت عيني و مفهوم ضمني

Photograph: Challenge between Explicit and Implicit Meaning

بر اساس يافته هاي موجود مي توان مفاهيم و دلالت هاي عيني و ضمني را درباره ي عموم عكس ها به كار گرفت. اين جُستار در تلاش است چگونگي ساخت و كاركردهاي متفاوت اين دلالت را در برخي از نمونه‌ عكس‌هاي معروف و تعداد كمي عكس معمولي تحليل كند. در اين پژوهش، نگارنده با تعيين متغيرهاي موثر، طرح ديدگاه‌هاي مهم در اين زمينه، تحليل فرمي عكس‌هاي نمونه و تجميع آنها در فرايند استقرايي نشان مي دهد كه آنچه را در عكاسي دلالت ضمني مي‌ناميم مي‌تواند ارجح‌تر، مهم‌تر، برانگيزاننده‌تر و اثرگذارتر از آن‌چيزي باشد كه دلالت عيني(صريح) پنداشته مي‌شود. فرضيه‌ي اصلي اين مقاله اين است كه دلالت ضمني حاصل كاركرد متغيرهايي چون نيت عكاس، تجميع عناصر تصويري در عكس، باور فرهنگي و اعتقاد بيننده، جهت‌دهي فرهنگي- سياسي توسط رسانه‌هاي قدرت‌مند و توضيح صريح و روشن‌گر همراه عكس مي‌باشد. نتايج نشان مي دهد در سال هاي اخير با توجه به متغيرهاي گوناگون توليد و بسترهاي متنوع مصرف(ارايه) عكس، تفكيك و تمايز دلالت صريح و ضمني بر اساس تعاريف ديروز- لااقل- در حوزه عكاسي، سودمند نيست؛ و با توجه به متغيرهاي فعال در بسترهاي توليد و مصرف عكس، استفاده از عناوين: ‘دلالت اصلي’ و ‘دلالت فرعي’ و يا ‘دلالت قوي’ و ‘دلالت ضعيف’ را پيشنهاد مي كند.

Fortunately in recent years in IRAN, Semiotics arguments in Literature and Art study are noticed by researchers. In according to, The Denotation and Connotation functions in photography are updated and expanded. Thus, necessary bases for continuing this argument are available. Although Denotation and Connotation are belong to Semiotics Area, but in Photography, specially Critique of photograph so very useful. In overall view, it seems photograph with similarity Specificity with its subject, thus connotation isn`t important. The Document specificity in the most of photographs has approach to denotation meanings. But many researches in this area, like Pierre Guiraud, Daniel Chandler, Louis Hjelmslov, specificity Roland Barthes show this subject (connotation meaning) is very important. Maybe most of others, Barthes argued about meaning and reading the photographs, also more of others applied these titles. Really The Connotation of many subjects and events is more important than Denotation, Even in Documentary photography area. This research tries to reveal not only ability of Connotation but reveal function of Connotation with analysis several Questions in various kinds of photographs especially for Critique of Photograph. To achieving this purpose, author selected several famous photographs and few ordinary photograph. Then according to hypothesis and the famous Ideas of several theorists in this area, his write text in two whole parts with titles: ‘Review basic definitions’, and ‘Emergence qualities of photograph Connotation’. Also he set the important arguments in detail parts with titles (challenges): The connotation is of photograph be result of photographer attempt. The connotation could be result of title or statement role of photograph. The connotation could be result of gathering the still visual elements in the photograph. The connotation could be only cultural reading or reflections of viewers by ignore photographer`s aim and desire. The connotation could be result of politic- cultural managers` functions. The Denotation in compare with Connotation is illusion. Author wants to show that function in many causes is more provocative, important and influence than Denotation. In this way, He is questioning Connotation that formed by Changeable elements like: Photographer`s aim, Composition of the picture elements, the Viewer`s behavior and belief, The Political- Cultural direction with mass media power in different societies, and direct (explicit) explain about photo. Author try to analysis his founded data in ‘Indication method’ and try to show the different function and influence of connotation (as changeable element) are in various areas. Although major specificity of photograph is resemblance with its subject, But in different situation meanings of the photograph are different. And important point, this challenge and argument about it more and more noticed after 1980s, even about older photographs or older movements in photography genres. At last, Author concludes, Definition between Connotation and Denotation is not necessarily, and not useful today. In present time, borders of text and out of the text (as physic and metaphysic) of photograph seem to be ambiguous. Thus, He Suggests to applying new titles for this argument, like: ‘Major Significance’ and ‘Minor Significance’ or ‘Powerful and Weak’ Significances are better than old Meanings.