بررسي مباني فلسفي دين صابئين مندائي و استخراج آموزه‌هاي تربيتي از آن‌ها

An Investigation Concerning the Philosophical Foundations of “Sabean Mandaean” Religion and their Educational Teachin

پژوهش حاضر بر آن است تا به بررسي مباني فلسفي دين صابئين مندائي به منظور استخراج آموزه هاي تربيتي و اخلاقي آن ها بپردازد، بدين منظور با روش سندي و تحليلي استنتاجي، چهار مقوله ي فلسفي اين دين شامل هستي شناسي، انسان شناسي، معرفت شناسي و ارزش شناسي مورد بررسي تحليلي قرار گرفته است. صابئين مندائييكي از قديمي ترين اديان توحيدي جهان كه هم اكنون به آرامي و سكوت در كنار كرانه هاي رود كارون و كرخه زندگي مي كنند. در اين دين، هستي فراتر از طبيعت و توسط خداوند بزرگ ازلييا هيي ربي قدمايي طي چندين مرحله آفريده شده است. انسان شريف ترين موجود خلقت و متشكل از دو بعد مادي(پغرا) و غيرمادي(شامل روها و نشمتا) است. حقيقت انسان، همان نشمتا يا نفس اوست كه بر خلاف پغرا، فناناپذير و جاويدان است. انسان موجودي مكرّم، مختار، مسؤول و داراي صبغه الهي است. معرفت در دين مندائي داراي اهميت ويژه اي است و مقدم بر ايمان و عمل دانسته شده و اساساً مندا به معناي دانش يا معرفت است. منشأ و خاستگاه ارزش هاي مندائي، خداوند(هيي ربي قدمايي) است و ارزش هاي مختلف به صورت دستوراتي در كتب مقدس مندائي بيان شده اند؛ تأكيد عمده بر روي طهارت، صلح و همزيستي است. در پژوهش حاضر، روش هاي تربيت ارائه شده و در پايان به ويژگي هاي تربيت مندائي اشاره شده است.

The purpose of this article is to study the philosophical foundations of the quot Sabean Mandaeanquot religion in order to extract their educational teachings. The research method is analytical and deductive. Using this method, the anthropological, epistemological, and axiological foundations of this religion have been studied. The main sources in this study are the Mandaean holy books, especially Genza Rabba and Drasha ed Yaḥya. Sabean Mandaean is a religious ethnic living peacefully alongside of Karoun, Dejla and Fourat rivers. For more than two thousand years ago, due the tension with Jews, they migrated from their main homeland, Palestine, to Mesopotamia and Khouzestan. The holy Quran has included them three times as the third great Devine Religion. Some of the Islamic scientists know them as ahlolkitab, namely persons having a holly religious book. Their holiest religion book is Ganza Rabba which means the great treasure and that has written in Mandaean. In this religion, the existence is superior to the nature that created by God (Hai Rabbi). The most important characteristics of Hai Rabbi are the unity, Greatness and Creativity. The highest level of existence is called Alma Denhora (the world of light or the heaven), and the lowest level is called Alma Dehshokha (a world of darkness or hell). Human is consisted of two parts Material (peghra or body) and immaterial (Roha and Neshmetha). The truth of human is his Neshmetha or the spirit which is on the contrary to the peghra which is immortal and eternal. The human is dignitary, free and responsible and has a Devine nature. Knowledge in Mandaean religion is important and has priority over faith and action. Manda, in its origin, means knowledge or cognition. Illiteracy is a great damage. Human being has miscellaneous tools to gain the knowledge. Feeling, heart and wisdom (Mana) are the tools that God has given the human beings. The origin of the Mandaean values is God (Hai Rabbi). And various values came in as commands in the Mandaean holy books, with great emphasis on cleanliness and peace and coexistence. Education in Mandaean religion is praised and important. Education is a religious duty for everyone and it is not limited to the certain age and it has emphasised for both boys and girls at the same time. Because there is clean spirit (Neshmetha) in the human, the Mandaean does not recommend physical punishment and inhumane methods in any way in education. In contrary, Doctrine of Mandaean recommends religious teachers to take the appropriate skills and teaching methods for educating people. The ultimate goal of education in the Mandaean is ldquo Back to the world of light (Alma denhora) to approach to the God (Hai Rabbi)quot . To achieve this goal ,there are many objectives such as reflection and thinking, Purity , faith and good deeds and selfpurification. Also in this article, educational principles have been extracting from their philosophical foundations. The article offered teaching methods based on the Mandaean religion and in the end it was pointed out features of Education Mandaean.