زيبايي ‏شناسانه كردن ديگري، تحليل رتوريك بازنمايي كردها در سفرنامه‏ هاي غربي

Aestheticization of the other A Rhetorical analysis of representation of Kurds in western travel writings

مقاله پيش‌رو از رساله اي استخراج شده است كه به مسئله‌ي بازنمايي كردها در سفرنامه­هاي غربي و شناسايي ابزارهاي رتوريكي مورد استفاده‌ي متون مذكور در برساختن متني تفاوت فرهنگي معطوف بوده است. در رابطه با مسئله‌ي مورد مطالعه، مهم‌ترين سوالات مطروحه عبارت بودند از: 1. كردها چگونه (با استفاده از كدام يك از ابزارهاي رتوريكي) در سفرنامه­هاي غربي بازنمايي (و برساخته) شده‏اند؟ 2. آيا بازنمايي­هاي مذكور يك‌دست هستند يا دوگانه؟ ابزارهاي رتوريكي مورد استفاده‌ي اين متون سفرنامه­اي متعدد هستند و در مقاله­ي حاضر تنها به رصد نحوه­ي كاربست يكي از اين استراتژي‏ها، استراتژي زيبايي­شناسانه كردن، در متون سفرنامه‌هاي غربي اكتفا شده است. لذا پرسش محوري مقاله­ي حاضر اين است: كيفيت و اشكال كاربست استراتژي رتوريكي «زيبايي‏شناسانه كردن» در سفرنامه­هاي غربي دوره­هاي مختلف به چه ترتيب است؟ آيا در سفرنامه‏هاي متاخر شاهد تداوم كاربست اين استراتژي هستيم؟ چهارچوب تحليلي نظري اين كار بر پايه­ي بصيرت­هاي اخذشده از  مطالعات پسااستعماري، به‌ويژه آراي ادوارد سعيد، ديويد سپر، مري پرات و استوارت هال تدوين شده است كه ­مبناي بسياري از مطالعات معطوف به خوانش متني برخوردهاي بين­فرهنگي بوده است. روش‏شناسي مورد استفاده در اين كار  تحليل رتوريك است كه به‌ويژه باتوجه به رِوايي و داستاني بودن مواد مورد تحليل (سفرنامه­ها) روش متني درخوري محسوب مي­شود. در اين راستا متون به دو دسته­ي متون دوره­ي اول يا استعمار و دوره­ي متاخر يا مدرن تقسيم شدند. يافته­هاي ما نشان مي­دهد كه استراتژي­ زيبايي­شناسانه كردن هم در متون دوره­ي متقدم (دوره­ي استعمار) به‌وفور و در اشكال مختلف به‌كار رفته­ است و هم شاهد تداوم كاربست اين استراتژي در متون دوره­ي متاخر (دوره­ي پسااستعمار) هستيم. لذا كاربست استراتژي­­هاي گفتمان امپراتوري در متون توليدشده در دوره­ي پس از استعمار نيز كماكان تداوم دارد.

Focusing on the representation of the Kurds in the western travel writings, the present article attempts to identify the rhetorical devices deployed in these texts to textual construction of cultural differences. Our major questions are: "through what rhetorical devices Kurds have been represented and constructed in western travel writing?" and "are these representations consistent"? The rhetorical devices used in these travel texts are numerous and this paper just concentrates on one of these techniques, namely rhetorical trope of aestheticization. We want to know "how many forms does the rhetorical trope of aestheticization take in different periods?" and "has this trope been continued to be used in the later period texts?" Theoretical framework of this study has been built upon insights derivedfrom postcolonial theorists including Said, Spurr, Pratt, and Hall. This approach has served as a basis for several studies aimed at reading crosscultural encounters. Considering our sle texts are characterized as narrative texts we have adopted a rhetorical analysis. We have divided travel texts into two groups: colonial period texts and postcolonial period ones. Findings indicate that the trope of aestheticization has been widely used and take different forms in the travel texts of both periods. So we witness that this trope is continued to be used in the later period. Finally, we conclude that the discourse of empire is still reproduced in travel texts of the later postcolonial period.6  Focusing on the representation of the Kurds in the western travel writings, the present article attempts to identify the rhetorical devices deployed in these texts to textual construction of cultural differences. Our major questions are: "through what rhetorical devices Kurds have been represented and constructed in western travel writing?" and "are these representations consistent"? The rhetorical devices used in these travel texts are numerous and this paper just concentrates on one of these techniques, namely rhetorical trope of aestheticization. We want to know "how many forms does the rhetorical trope of aestheticization take in different periods?" and "has this trope been continued to be used in the later period texts?" Theoretical framework of this study has been built upon insights derivedfrom postcolonial theorists including Said, Spurr, Pratt, and Hall. This approach has served as a basis for several studies aimed at reading crosscultural encounters. Considering our sle texts are characterized as narrative texts we have adopted a rhetorical analysis. We have divided travel texts into two groups: colonial period texts and postcolonial period ones. Findings indicate that the trope of aestheticization has been widely used and take different forms in the travel texts of both periods. So we witness that this trope is continued to be used in the later period. Finally, we conclude that the discourse of empire is still reproduced in travel texts of the later postcolonial period.6