پهنه بندي زيست اقليم انساني ايران

Human Bioclimatic Zoning of Iran

در تحقيق حاضر با استفاده از شاخص دماي معادل فيزيولوژيك (PET)، كه جزء جامع ترين و پركاربردترين شاخص هاي زيست اقليم انساني است، سطح كشور در مقياس ماهانه پهنه بندي شد. با استفاده از سيستم اطلاعات جغرافيايي (GIS)، مقادير محاسبه شده PET براي101 ايستگاه كشور با داده هاي محيطي(ارتفاع، طول و عرض جغرافيايي) تركيب و نقشه هاي زيست اقليم انساني تهيه شد. براساس نقشه هاي ترسيم شده مقادير شاخص PET از شمال به جنوب و از غرب به شرق كشور افزايش مي يابد اما نقش ارتفاعات در شكل دهي شرايط زيست اقليمي بسيار پررنگتر از طول و عرض جغرافيايي است. از حيث مساحتي كه در منطقه آسايش اقليمي قرار دارد مهر ماه با32 درصد از مساحت در رتبه اول قرار گرفته است و مطلوبترين شرايط زيست اقليمي را داراست. در همين ارتباط در دي ماه 93 درصد از سطح كشور داراي تنش هاي سرمايي است و بعد از آن تير ماه با تنش هاي گرمايي كه در85 درصد از سطح كشور وجود دارد، بدترين شرايط زيست اقليمي را دارا است. بيشترين و كمترين ضريب تغييرات مكاني زيست اقليمي كشور بترتيب مربوط به دي و تير ماه است. بر اساس365 نقشه روزانه زيست اقليم انساني، متوسط دماي معادل فيزيولوژيك سالانه كشور 18/2 درجه سانتيگراد است. روند تغييرات سالانه PET  نشان داد بازه زماني آسايش اقليمي در كشور كوتاه و به صورت دو دوره مجزا در ابتدا و انتهاي فصل سرد سال واقع شده است. نتايج حاصل از اين تحقيق مي تواند در برنامه ريزي هاي محيطي، امور گردشگري و تورگرداني، ساخت و ساز و مسكن، بهينه سازي مصرف انرژي، پزشكي و سلامت، ورزشي و ... به كار گرفته شود.

Introduction Human bioclimatology science expresses complex effects of meteorology variables on the human’s body in a simple way throughout the bioclimatic indices. So far, over 200 bioclimatic indices are presented which the thermo physiological indices derived from human body’s heat balance equations have more acceptability. Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) index are using widely in bioclimatology studies.  In this regard, zoning of human bioclimatic conditions of Greece was performed with PET index in monthly scale (Matzarakis, 2001). Also, zoning of bioclimatic conditions of Hungary with PET index (Gulyasa and Matzarakis, 2009) and of the world with PET and PMV indices (Jendritzky and Tinz, 2009) were another studies of this matter. There are few limited and local studies on PET index in Iran, so the subject of this research was zoning of bioclimatic condition in this country. Materials and Methods In this research, the daily data of 101 synoptic stations were used. Data includes: temperature (oC), relative humidity (%), wind speed (m/s), cloudiness (octa), water vapor pressure (hpa) in the years of 1988 to 2007 (20 years period). The PET index was calculated for each station with using Rayman 1.2 software model. The multivariable regression model was used to derive relations of PET index and latitude, longitude and altitude. ArcGIS 9.3 were used to zoning PET index in Iran. Results and discussions There are very different bioclimatic conditions in month of April, in which there is heat stress in over the 36o latitude and cold stress under this region. The 19 percents of the Iran’s area were in the comfort region. In the month of May, cold stress was limited to the mountainous regions on north and northwest and heat stress to the southern seashore. There are no cold stress in June and July. There is decrease of heat stressed regions in month of august with relation to the July. The comfort regions were at the maximum level in mount of September (32.2%) and the October is the mount which cold stress starts. Based on November’s PET map, there is no heat stress in Iran and only the southeastern seashore (5% of area) has the comfort situation. In the month of December, there is most severe and vast cold stress situation which extended to the 57.6% of whole area. There are more comfort conditions in month of March relation to the prior months (10.6% of area) and in which extended parallel to the seashore regions, from the Chabahar (south east) to the Ahwaz (south west). According to the Spatial variation coefficient of PET it can be concluded that the month of July and Day has the lowest and highest variation coefficient (4.9 and 185%) respectively. Also there are two separate time periods of comfort conditions. 1: start of warm period and 2: start of cold period of the year. Conclusion The result showed altitude role in shaping the bioclimatic conditions is much more latitude and longitude. The result of the monthly bioclimatic maps showed in terms of the comfort zone is an area October (32 percent of the area) is ranked in first and bioclimatic condition has the best desirable. In January ,93 percent of  country  area is cold stress and then  heat stress  in July  that  there  has the 85 percent  of the country , worst  bioclimatic conditions. The highest rate of the bioclimatic spatial coefficient variation in January and lowest is in July. Based on mean of 365 daily bioclimatic maps, mean annual of physiologic equivalent temperature is 18.2 centigrade. The annual trend of PET showed that climate comfort time frame is short and located from two distinct period times, the first period after the cold season and second period occurs at the end warm season. Result from  this research can be used in environmental panning , tourism and recreations , health and medical , construction and housing , energy efficiency ,sport  and  etc .