چالش‌هاي دولت ملي در عصر جهاني شدن

Nation-State Challenges in the Age of Globalization

دولت ملي نهادي نه چندان ديرپاي است كه نخستين نمونه ي آن‌را مي‌توان در فرداي اعلاميه‌‌ي استقلال آمريكا و انقلاب فرانسه مشاهده نمود؛ انقلابي كه اين نهاد را بر فراز سرنيزه هاي سپاهيان ناپلئون به‌تمامي جهان گسترانيد. نهاد مدرنِ دولت ملي، يكي از مهم‌ترين ابزارهاي تكوين و گسترش پديده جهاني شدن بود. با اين وجود، زماني‌كه پديده جهاني شدن به‌نحو روزافزوني تقويت گرديد، بي‌نياز از حاميان پيشين خود، آنها را به حاشيه رانده و بيش از پيش موجبات تضعيف آنها را فراهم آورد؛ امري كه دولت ملي نيز از آن بركنار نماند. اكنون و در آغاز هزاره‌ي سوم ما شاهد اين واقعيت هستيم كه فرآيند جهاني شدن با پيشبرد چهار نيروي عمده‌، دولت ملي را با چالش‌هاي حياتي مواجه كرده است. اين چهار نيرو عبارتند از: جهان وطن‌گرايي، رژيم‌ها و سازمان‌هاي بين‌المللي، بازار آزاد و هويت‌هاي نورسته. اين چالش‌هاي ذكر شده هرچند در ميان مدت نهاد دولت ملي را از ميان نخواهند برد؛ اما در درازمدت زمينه هاي فروپاشي آن‌را فراهم خواهند آورد.

Purpose: Nation state is a newlyconstructed institution established in the wake of United States declaration of independence and has been spreading all over the world in recent centuries. But nowadays nationstate is in retreat and this is the main problem that this article aims to address. In fact, nation state causes the rudimentary development of globalization but paradoxically as globalization started to spread out nation state was the first victim of its dominance. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the nature and process of this evolution and to try to find inevitably effective elements form which blowing out of the nation state is rooted. So in forthcoming debates, we will analyze the different dimensions of the issue.Design/Methodology/Approach: Generally speaking, this essay deals with the issue from a historical point of view and with analyzing different aspects effective in the process tries not to be reductive and unilateral. Along with its historical approach this essay remains mainly descriptive especially in explicating the fundamental independent variables which are playing the role in a mutual complementary manner. Although, the globalization may have nothing to do with nation state directly, it affects the exacerbating situation of national state on a regular basis through its forces. The essay introduces the four independent variables and one dependent variable. The four independent variables include cosmopolitanism, international organizations and regimes, unleashed market and newlyarisen identities and the independent variable is nothing but weakening situation of an entity called national state.Findings: First and foremost, cosmopolitanism is of paramount significance. We can conceive of cosmopolitanism as an ideology which is in full contrast with nationalism. In fact, nationalism which is being replaced by cosmopolitanism apace and swiftly lies mainly on national individual. Cosmopolitanism instead of focusing on national identity focuses mainly on global and universal features and weakens the national portrait of human being by displaying it as a supranational entity. By this way the infrastructure on which the ideology of nationalism is erected will be faltered. Another variable is empowering the international bodies which could lead to more marginalization of national states. In this case, the UN organization is of the most importance and can see easily its power and ability to limit some actions of national states. The third variable is free and unleashed market which also has the same role especially because it makes national borders more vulnerable and penetrable. From twenty century on we observe the ever increasing development of international market all over the world. It is a fact that many activities of international companies are out of the hands of governments. The last but not the least variable is newlyarising identities among which looming new diasporic communities are of the essence.Originality/Value: To sum up, this essay is an insightful and intuitive one for anybody who wants to ponder on the different and various dimensions of globalization and its main results especially for national state. In fact, by analyzing the four prior variables readers could intuitively foresee the future of the national state in the age of globalization.