پديد آورندگان :
اشرف نظري، علي نويسنده دانشگاه تهران,ايران Ashraf Nazari, Ali , سليمي، برهان نويسنده دانشگاه تهران,ايران Salimi, Borhan
كليدواژه :
پوپوليسم , دموكراسي , جنبش‌هاي اجتماعي , راست افراطي , جبهه ملي فرانسه
چكيده فارسي :
پوپوليسم در دهه‌هاي اخير از طريق احزاب و جريانات راست افراطي، پس از يك دوره فترت (در آلمان و ايتالياي بين دو جنگ)، به صحنه سياسي دموكراسي‌هاي اروپايي بازگشته است. بازگشت پوپوليسم به صحنه سياسي كشورهاي اروپاي غربي در قالب جريانات راست افراطي، ريشه در شكست احزاب سنتي در پاسخ كافي و مناسب به مسائلي چون جهاني‌شدن اقتصاد و فرهنگ، سرعت و مسير ادغام در اتحاديه اروپا، مسئله مهاجرت و مهاجران، افول اهميت ايدئولوژي‌ها و سياست طبقاتي، كاهش علاقه مردم به مشاركت سياسي و بدبيني و عدم اعتماد شهروندان به سياست‌مداران دارد. احزاب راست افراطي، در چند دهه‌ي اخير توانسته‌اند با شعارهاي پوپوليستي، نه تنها حضور ملموسي در حيات سياسي اين جوامع داشته باشند، بلكه موفقيت‌هاي قابل‌توجهي نيز در فرآيندهاي انتخاباتي كسب كردهاند. پوپوليسم راست افراطي در اين جوامع، تنها مدلي از پوپوليسم در دهه‌هاي اخير مي‌باشد كه در جامعه‌شناسي سياسي امروز از آن تحت عنوان نئوپوپوليسم يادشده و مباحث قابل اعتنايي در محافل آكادميك غربي پيرامون آن مطرح شده است. مقاله حاضر با بهره‌گيري از روش توصيفي ـ تحليلي، ضمن بازخواني مباحث نظري درخصوص پوپوليسم، به بحث از پوپوليسم جبهه‌ي مليِ فرانسه و تبعات قدرت‌گيري اين حزب، به‌عنوان برجسته‌ترين نماينده راست افراطي در صحنه سياسي فرانسه مي‌پردازد.
چكيده لاتين :
Purpose: In recent decades, the farright populist parties and movements, after a recess (in Germany and Italy between the two world wars), have returned to the political scene of European democracy. Return of populism to the political scene of Western Europe in the form of farright movements rooted in the failure of the traditional parties in a sufficient and adequate response to issues such as globalization, economy and culture, speed and direction of integration in Europe, the issue of migration and immigration, the decline of ideologies, decreased interest in political participation and cynicism and distrust of citizens to politicians. Findings: In recent decades, Farright parties not only have been able to present tangibly in the political life of their communities, but also have attained great successes in electoral processes. Extreme rightwing populism in recent decades is only a model of populism in political sociology. The elements and features of this model of populism are a romantic concepttion of the people, a charismatic leader, pessimistic view of democratic institutions such as political parties and parliament (the inability of these institutions in the realization of the will and sovereignty of the people), plain language, propaganda, political rhetoric, criticizing the ruling elite, conspiracy theory in speech and political literature, and the lack of a coherent program in various aspects. This model of rightwing populism can have significant consequences. It can lead to the serious obstacles to the process of integration of Muslim immigrants in French society. On the other hand, the strengthening of radical Islamism can lead to the spread of terrorist activities. Design/Methodology/Approach: In this paper, we use interpretive and analyticaltheoretical method to discuss the French National Front as the most prominent representative of the extreme right in this country's political scene. Originality/Value: The main finding of this paper is that through new forms of communication, populist parties have been able to communicate with citizens and their representatives. Despair of traditional policies has drawn citizens’ attention to populist parties and movements. The combination of demagogic promises and slogans such as complete and real democracy, extremely hostile attitude to the ruling parties and immigration restrictations have shaped these parties and movements.
